Free radicals, antioxidants in disease and health

Lien Ai Pham-Huy, Hua He, Chuong Pham-Huy, Lien Ai Pham-Huy, Hua He, Chuong Pham-Huy

Abstract

Free radicals and oxidants play a dual role as both toxic and beneficial compounds, since they can be either harmful or helpful to the body. They are produced either from normal cell metabolisms in situ or from external sources (pollution, cigarette smoke, radiation, medication). When an overload of free radicals cannot gradually be destroyed, their accumulation in the body generates a phenomenon called oxidative stress. This process plays a major part in the development of chronic and degenerative illness such as cancer, autoimmune disorders, aging, cataract, rheumatoid arthritis, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. The human body has several mechanisms to counteract oxidative stress by producing antioxidants, which are either naturally produced in situ, or externally supplied through foods and/or supplements. This mini-review deals with the taxonomy, the mechanisms of formation and catabolism of the free radicals, it examines their beneficial and deleterious effects on cellular activities, it highlights the potential role of the antioxidants in preventing and repairing damages caused by oxidative stress, and it discusses the antioxidant supplementation in health maintenance.

Keywords: antioxidants; beneficial effects; deleterious effects; diseases; free radicals; health; oxidative stress.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Oxidative stress-induced diseases in humans.

References

    1. Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC. Free radicals in biology and medicine. 4th. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press; 2007.
    1. Bahorun T, Soobrattee MA, Luximon-Ramma V, Aruoma OI. Free radicals and antioxidants in cardiovascular health and disease. Internet J. Med. Update. 2006;1:1–17.
    1. Valko M, Izakovic M, Mazur M, Rhodes CJ, et al. Role of oxygen radicals in DNA damage and cancer incidence. Mol. Cell Biochem. 2004;266:37–56.
    1. Valko M, Leibfritz D, Moncola J, Cronin MD, et al. Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. Review. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 2007;39:44–84.
    1. Droge W. Free radicals in the physiological control of cell function. Review. Physiol. Rev. 2002;82:47–95.
    1. Willcox JK, Ash SL, Catignani GL. Antioxidants and prevention of chronic disease. Review. Crit. Rev. Food. Sci. Nutr. 2004;44:275–295.
    1. Pacher P, Beckman JS, Liaudet L. Nitric oxide and peroxynitrite in health and disease. Physiol. Rev. 2007;87:315–424.
    1. Genestra M. Oxyl radicals, redox-sensitive signalling cascades and antioxidants. Review. Cell Signal. 2007;19:1807–1819.
    1. Halliwell B. Biochemistry of oxidative stress. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 2007;35:1147–1150.
    1. Young I, Woodside J. Antioxidants in health and disease. J. Clin. Pathol. 2001;54:176–186.
    1. Valko M, Rhodes CJ, Moncol J, Izakovic M, et al. Free radicals, metals and antioxidants in oxidative stress-induced cancer. Mini-review. Chem. Biol. Interact. 2006;160:1–40.
    1. Valko M, Morris H, Cronin MTD. Metals, toxicity and oxidative stress. Curr. Med. Chem. 2005;12:1161–1208.
    1. Parthasarathy S, Santanam N, Ramachandran S, Meilhac O. Oxidants and antioxidants in atherogenesis: an appraisal. J. Lipid Res. 1999;40:2143–2157.
    1. Frei B. Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant vitamins. Linus Pauling Institute. Oregon State University. 1997 .
    1. Chatterjee M, Saluja R, Kanneganti S, et al. Biochemical and molecular evaluation of neutrophil NOS in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Cell Mol. Biol. 2007;53:84–93.
    1. Ceriello A. Possible role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Review. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(Suppl 2):S181–184.
    1. Halliwell B. Role of free radicals in neurodegenerative diseases: therapeutic implications for antioxidant treatment. Drugs Aging. 2001;18:685–716.
    1. Singh RP, Sharad S, Kapur S. Free radicals and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases: Relevance of Dietary Antioxidants. JIACM. 2004;5:218–225.
    1. Christen Y. Oxidative stress and Alzheimer disease. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2000;71:621S–629S.
    1. Butterfield DA. Amyloid beta-peptide (1-42)-induced oxidative stress and neurotoxicity: implications for neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease brain. A review. Free Radic. Res. 2002;36:1307–1313.
    1. Caramori G, Papi A. Oxidants and asthma. Review. Thorax. 2004;59:170–173.
    1. Guo RF, Ward PA. Role of oxidants in lung injury during sepsis. Antioxid. Redox. Signal. 2007;9:1991–2002.
    1. Hoshino Y, Mishima M. Antioxidants & redox signaling redox-based therapeutics for lung diseases. Antioxid. Redox. Signal. 2008;10:701–704.
    1. MacNee W. Oxidative stress and lung inflammation in airways disease. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2001;429:195–207.
    1. Walston J, Xue Q, Semba RD, Ferrucci L, et al. Serum antioxidants, inflammation, and total mortality in older women. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2006;163:18–26.
    1. Mahajan A, Tandon VR. Antioxidants and rheumatoid arthritis. J. Indian Rheumatol. Ass. 2004;12:139–142.
    1. Galle J. Oxidative stress in chronic renal failure. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2001;16:2135–2142.
    1. Sadeg N, Pham-Huy C, Martin C, Warnet JM, et al. Effect of cyclosporin A and its metabolites and analogs on lipid peroxidation in rabbit renal microsomes. Drug Chem. Toxicol. 1993;16:165–174.
    1. Massicot F, Martin C, Dutertre-Catella H, Ellouk-Achard S, et al. Modulation of energy status and cytotoxicity induced by FK506 and cyclosporin A in a renal epithelial cell line. Arch. Toxicol. 1997;71:529–531.
    1. Massicot F, Lamouri A, Martin C, Pham-Huy C, et al. Preventive effects of two PAF-antagonists, PMS 536 and PMS 549, on cyclosporin-induced LLC-PK1 oxidative injury. J. Lipid Mediat. Cell Signal. 1997;15:203–214.
    1. Santosa S, Jones PJ. Oxidative stress in ocular disease: does lutein play a protective role? Can Med. Ass. J. (CMAJ) 2005;173:861–862.
    1. Meyer CH, Sekundo W. Nutritional supplementation to prevent cataract formation. Dev. Ophthalmol. 2005;38:103–119.
    1. Beatty S, Koh HH, Phil M, Henson D, et al. The Role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration. Surv. Ophthalmol. 2000;45:115–134.
    1. Myatt L. Placental adaptive responses and fetal programming. J. Physiol. 2006;572:25–30.
    1. Hracsko Z, Orvos H, Novak Z, Pal A, Varga IS. Evaluation of oxidative stress markers in neonates with intra-uterine growth retardation. Redox. Rep. 2008;13:11–16.
    1. Biri A, Bozkurt N, Turp A, et al. Role of oxidative stress in intrauterine growth restriction. Gynecol. Obstet. Invest. 2007;64:187–192.
    1. Braekke K, Harsem NK, Staff AC. Oxidative stress and antioxidant status in fetal circulation in preeclampsia. Pediatr. Res. 2006;60:560–564.
    1. Donaldson MS. Nutrition and cancer: A review of the evidence for an anti-cancer diet. Nutr. J. 2004;3:19–25.
    1. Nguyen LA, He H, Pham-Huy C. Chiral drugs. An overview. Int. J. Biomed. Sci. (IJBS) 2006;2:85–100.
    1. Mayo Clinic Medical Information. Drugs and supplements. Vitamin E. 2005 .
    1. Miller ER, Pastor-Barriuso R, Dalal D, et al. Meta-analysis: high-dosage Vitamin E supplementation may increase all-cause mortality. Ann. Intern. Med. 2005;142:37–46.
    1. Li Y, Schellhorn HE. New developments and novel therapeutic perspectives for vitamin C. Critical Review. J. Nutr. 2007;137:2171–2184.
    1. Naidu AK. Vitamin C in human health and disease is still a mystery ? An overview. Nutr. J. 2003;2:1–10.
    1. Mayo Clinic Medical Information. Drugs and supplements. Beta-carotene. 2005 .
    1. Seren S, Lieberman R, Bayraktar UD, Heath E, et al. Lycopene in cancer prevention and treatment. Review. Am. J. Ther. 2008;15:66–81.
    1. Dahan K, Fennal M, Kumar NB. Lycopene in the prevention of prostate cancer. J. Soc. Integr. Oncol. 2008;6:29–36.
    1. Pham-Huy C, Nguyen P, Marchand V, et al. Selenium and tobacco smoke tars: In vitro effects on different immunocompetent cells. Toxicology. 2001;164:111–2. Presented in International Congress of Toxicology XI, Brisbane (Australia). 7-12 July 2001.
    1. Higdon J, Drake VJ, Whanger PD. Selenium. Linus Pauling Institute. Oregon State University. Micronutrient Information Center. 2007
    1. Miller AL. Antioxidant Flavonoids: Structure, Function and Clinical Usage. Alt. Med. Rev. 1996;1:103–111.
    1. Hanneken A, Lin FF, Johnson J, Maher P. Flavonoids protect human retinal pigment epithelial cells from oxidative-stress-induced death. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2006;47:3164–3177.
    1. Pham-Huy NLA, He H, Pham-Huy C. Green tea and health. An overview. J. Food Agric. Environ. (JFAE) 2008;6:6–13.
    1. University of Maryland Medical Center. Omega-3 fatty acids. Overview. 2007 .
    1. Logan AC. Omega-3 fatty acids and major depression: A primer for the mental health professional. Review. Lipids Health Dis. 2004;3:25–33.
    1. Barbul A, Uliyargoli A. Use of exogenous arginine in multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and sepsis. Crit. Care Med. 2007;35:S564–567.
    1. Dhanasekaran M, Ran J. The emerging role of coenzyme Q-10 in aging, neurodegeneration, cardiovascular disease, cancer and diabetes mellitus. Curr. Neurovasc. Res. 2005;2:447–459.
    1. Maharaj DS, Glass BD, Dava S. Melatonin: new places in therapy. Biosci. Rep. 2007;27:299–320.
    1. Fusco D, Colloca G, Lo Monaco MR, Cesari M. Effects of antioxidant supplementation on the aging process. Review. Clin. Interv. Aging. 2007;2:377–387.
    1. Nitta H, Kinoyama M, Watanabe A, Shirao K, et al. Effects of nutritional supplementation with antioxidant vitamins and minerals and fish oil on antioxidant status and psychosocial stress in smokers: an open trial. Clin. Exp. Med. 2007;7:179–183.
    1. Baedia A, Tleyjeh IM, Cerhan JR, Sood AK, et al. Efficacy of antioxidant supplementation in reducing primary cancer incidence and mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis. Review. Mayo Clin. Proc. 2008;83:23–34.

Source: PubMed

Szponzorok és közreműködők

Egészségi állapot

Kábítószer-beavatkozások

3
Iratkozz fel