The protective effects of neighborhood collective efficacy on adolescent substance use and violence following exposure to violence

Abigail A Fagan, Emily M Wright, Gillian M Pinchevsky, Abigail A Fagan, Emily M Wright, Gillian M Pinchevsky

Abstract

Research has demonstrated that exposure to violence can result in many negative consequences for youth, but the degree to which neighborhood conditions may foster resiliency among victims is not well understood. This study tests the hypothesis that neighborhood collective efficacy attenuates the relationship between adolescent exposure to violence, substance use, and violence. Data were collected from 1,661 to 1,718 adolescents participating in the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, who were diverse in terms of sex (51% male, 49% female), race/ethnicity (48% Hispanic, 34% African American, 14% Caucasian, and 4% other race/ethnicity), and age (mean age 12 years; range 8-16). Information on neighborhood collective efficacy was obtained from adult residents, and data from the 1990 U.S. Census were used to control for neighborhood disadvantage. Based on hierarchical modeling techniques to adjust for the clustered data, Bernoulli models indicated that more exposure to violence was associated with a greater likelihood of tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use and perpetration of violence. Poisson models suggested that victimization was also related to a greater variety of substance use and violent behaviors. A moderating effect of collective efficacy was found in models assessing the variety of substance use; the relationship between victimization and substance use was weaker for youth in neighborhoods with higher versus lower levels of collective efficacy. These findings are consistent with literature indicating that social support can ameliorate the negative impact of victimization. This investigation extends this research to show that neighborhood social support can also help to promote resiliency among adolescents.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The Relationship Between Exposure to Violence and the Variety of Past Month Tobacco, Alcohol and Marijuana Use, by Neighborhood Collective Efficacy1 1This model also controlled for the effect of neighborhood disadvantage and all individual-level predictors

References

    1. Aceves MJ, Cookston JT. Violent victimization, aggression, and parent-adolescent relations: Quality parenting as a buffer for violently victimized youth. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 2007;36:635–647.
    1. Agnew R. Foundation for a general strain theory of crime and delinquency. Criminology. 1992;30:47–88.
    1. Agnew R. Experienced, vicarious, and anticipated strain: An exploratory study on physical victimization and delinquency. Justice Quarterly. 2002;19(4):603–632.
    1. Agnew R. Pressured into crime: An overview of general strain theory. Cary, NC: Roxbury Publishing Company; 2006.
    1. Agnew R, White HR. An empirical test of General Strain Theory. Criminology. 1992;30:475–499.
    1. Aisenberg E, Herrenkohl TI. Community violence in context: Risk and resilience in children and families. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2008;23:296–315.
    1. Akers RL. Deviant behavior: A social learning approach. 3rd ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth; 1985.
    1. Allison PD. Multiple regression: A primer. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press; 1999.
    1. Bandura A, Walters RH. Adolescent aggression. New York, NY: The Ronald Press Company; 1959.
    1. Begle AM, Hanson RF, Danielson CK, McCart MR, Ruggiero KJ, Amstadter AB, Resnick HS, Saunders B, Kilpatrick D. Longitudinal pathways of victimization, substance use, and delinquency: Findings from the National Survey of Adolescents. Addictive Behaviors. 2011;36:682–689.
    1. Blumstein A, Cohen J, Farrington DF. Criminal career research: Its value for criminology. Criminology. 1988;26(1):1–35.
    1. Brenner AB, Bauermeister JA, Zimmerman MA. Neighborhood variation in adolescent alcohol use: Examination of socioecological and social disorganization theories. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. 2011;72:651–659.
    1. Brookmeyer KA, Henrich CC, Schwab-Stone M. Adolescents who witness community violence: Can parent support and prosocial cognitions protect them from committing violence? Child Development. 2005;76(4):917–929.
    1. Browning CR, Feinberg SL, Dietz RD. The paradox of social organization: networks, collective efficacy and violent crime in urban neighborhoods. Social Forces. 2004;83(2):503–534.
    1. Browning CR, Leventhal T, Brooks-Gunn J. Sexual initiation in early adolescence. American Sociological Review. 2005;70(5):758–778.
    1. Browning S. Neighborhood, school, and family effects on the frequency of alcohol use among Toronto youth. Substance Use and Misuse. 2012;47:31–43.
    1. Browning S, Erickson P. Neighborhood disadvantage, alcohol use, and violent victimization. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice. 2009;7:331–349.
    1. Buka SL, Stichick TL, Birdthistle I, Earls F. Youth exposure to violence: Prevalence, risk and consequences. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 2001;71(3):298–310.
    1. Buss A, Plomin R. A temperament theory of personality development. New York, NY: Wiley; 1975.
    1. Catalano RF, Hawkins JD. The Social Development Model: A theory of antisocial behavior. In: Hawkins JD, editor. Delinquency and crime: Current theories. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 1996. pp. 149–197.
    1. Coleman JS. Social capital in the creation of human capital. The American Journal of Sociology. 1988;94:S95–S120.
    1. Durlak JA. Common risk and protective factors in successful prevention programs. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 1998;68:512–520.
    1. Earls FJ, Brooks-Gunn J, Raudenbush SW, Sampson RJ. Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN): Wave 1, 1994–1997 from Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research, Grant 93-IJ-CX-K005. 2002
    1. Elliott DS, Wilson WJ, Huizinga D, Sampson RJ, Elliott A, Rankin B. The effects of neighborhood disadvantage on adolescent development. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency. 1996;33(4):389–426.
    1. Fagan AA, Wright EM. The effects of neighborhood context on youth violence and delinquency: Does gender matter? Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice. 2012;10(1):64–82.
    1. Farrell AD, Bruce SE. Impact of exposure to community violence on violent behavior and emotional distress among urban adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology. 1997;26(1):2–14.
    1. Farrell AD, Sullivan TN. Impact of witnessing violence on growth curves for problem behaviors among early adolescents in urban and rural settings. Journal of Community Psychology. 2004;32(5):505–525.
    1. Farrington DP. Developmental and life-course criminology: Key theoretical and empirical issues-the 2002 Sutherland Award address. Criminology. 2003;41(2):221–255.
    1. Finkelhor D, Ormrod RK, Turner HA. The developmental epidemiology of childhood victimization. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2009;24(5):711–731.
    1. Finkelhor D, Turner HA, Ormrod RK, Hamby S. Violence, abuse, and crime exposure in a national sample of children and youth. Pediatrics. 2009;124:1411–1423.
    1. Foster H, Brooks-Gunn J. Toward a stress process model of children's exposure to physical family and community violence. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review. 2009;12:71–94.
    1. Galea S, Rudenstine S, Vlahov D. Drug use, misuse, and the urban environment. Drug and Alcohol Review. 2005;24:127–136.
    1. Gibson CL, Morris SZ, Beaver KM. Secondary exposure to violence during childhood and adolescence: Does neighborhood context matter? Justice Quarterly. 2009;26(1):30–57.
    1. Gibson CL, Sullivan CJ, Jones S, Piquero AR. “Does it take a village?” Assessing neighborhood influences on children's self control. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency. 2010;47(1):31–62.
    1. Gorman-Smith D, Henry DB, Tolan PH. Exposure to community violence and violence perpetration: The protective effects of family functioning. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology. 2004;33(3):439–449.
    1. Hagan J, Foster H. Youth violence and the end of adolescence. American Sociological Review. 2001;66(6):874–899.
    1. Hardaway CR, McLoyd VC, Wood D. Exposure to violence and socioemotional adjustment in low-income youth: An examination of protective factors. American Journal of Community Psychology. 2012;49:112–126.
    1. Hay C, Evans MM. Violent victimization and involvement in delinquency: Examining predictions from general strain theory. Journal of Criminal Justice. 2006;34:261–274.
    1. Hingson RW, Heeren T, Winter MR. Age at drinking onset and alcohol dependence: Age at onset, duration, and severity. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicing. 2006;160:739–746.
    1. Hirschi T. Causes of delinquency. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press; 1969.
    1. Huizinga D, Esbensen F-A, Weiher AW. Are there multiple paths to delinquency? The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology. 1991;82(1):83–118.
    1. Jain S, Buka SL, Subramanian SV, Molnar BE. Neighborhood predictors of dating violence victimization and perpetration in young adulthood: A multilevel study. American Journal of Public Health. 2010;100:1737–1744.
    1. Jain S, Buka SL, Subramanian SV, Molnar BE. Protective factors for youth exposed to violence: Role of developmental assets in building emotional resilience. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice. 2012;10(1):107–129.
    1. Jain S, Cohen AK. Behavioral adaptation among youth exposed to community violence: A longitudinal multidisciplinary study of family, peer and neighborhood-level protective factors. Prevention Science. 2013;14(6):606–617.
    1. Karriker-Jaffe KJ, Foshee VA, Ennett ST, Suchindran C. Sex differences in the effects of neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage and social organization on rural adolescents' aggression trajectories. American Journal of Community Psychology. 2009;43:189–203.
    1. Kaufman JM. Gendered responses to serious strain: The argument for a General Strain Theory of deviance. Justice Quarterly. 2009;26(3):410–444.
    1. Kilpatrick DG, Acierno R, Saunders BE, Resnick HS, Best CL, Schnurr PP. Risk factors for adolescent substance abuse and dependence: Data from a national sample. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2000;68(1):19–30.
    1. Kirk DS, Papachristos AV. Cultural mechanisms and the persistence of neighborhood violence. American Journal of Sociology. 2011;116(4):1190–1233.
    1. Kliewer W, Murrelle L, Prom E, Ramirez M, Obando P, Sandi L, Karenkeris MdC. Violence exposure and drug use in Central American youth: Family cohesion and parental monitoring as protective factors. Journal of Research on Adolescence. 2006;16(3):455–478.
    1. Kort-Butler LA. Experienced and vicarious victimization: Do social support and self-esteem prevent delinquent responses? Journal of Criminal Justice. 2010;38:496–505.
    1. Lauritsen JL. How families and communities influence youth victimization. Washington, D.C.: Office of Justice Programs: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention; 2003.
    1. Leventhal T, Brooks-Gunn J. The neighborhoods they live in: The effects of neighborhood residence on child and adolescent outcomes. Psychological Bulletin. 2000;126(2):309–337.
    1. Luthar SS, Cicchetti D, Becker B. The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development. 2000;71(3):543–562.
    1. Luthar SS, Goldstein A. Children's exposure to community violence: Implications for understanding risk and resilience. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology. 2004;33(3):499–505.
    1. Lynch M. Consequences of children's exposure to community violence. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review. 2003;6(4):265–274.
    1. Maimon D, Browning CR. Unstructured socializing, collective efficacy, and violent behavior among urban youth. Criminology. 2010;48(2):443–474.
    1. Maimon D, Browning CR. Underage drinking, alcohol sales and collective efficacy: Informal control and opportunity in the study of alcohol use. Social Science Research. 2012;41:977–990.
    1. Margolin G, Gordis EB. The effects of family and community violence on children. Annual Review of Psychology. 2000;51:445–479.
    1. Margolin G, Gordis EB. Children's exposure to violence in the family and community. Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2004;13(4):152–155.
    1. Marshal MP, Chassin L. Peer influence on adolescent alcohol use: The moderating role of parental support and discipline. Applied Developmental Science. 2000;4(2):80–88.
    1. Masten AS. Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist. 2001;56(3):227–238.
    1. Moffitt TE. Adolescence-limited and life-course persistent anti-social behavior: A developmental taxonomy. Psychological Review. 1993;100(4):674–701.
    1. Molnar BE, Cerda M, Roberts AL, Buka SL. Effects of neighborhood resources on aggressive and delinquent behaviors among urban youths. American Journal of Public Health. 2008;98(6):1086–1093.
    1. Molnar BE, Miller MJ, Azrael D, Buka SL. Neighborhood predictors of concealed firearm carrying among children and adolescents: Results from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods. Archives of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine. 2004;158:657–664.
    1. Morenoff JD, Sampson RJ, Raudenbush SW. Neighborhood inequality, collective efficacy, and the spatial dynamics of urban violence. Criminology. 2001;39(3):517–560.
    1. Musick K, Seltzer JA, Schwartz CR. Neighborhood norms and substance use among teens. Social Science Research. 2008;37:138–155.
    1. National Household Survey on Drug Abuse. National Household Survey on Drug Abuse: Population estimates. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse; 1991.
    1. O'Donnell DA, Schwab-Stone M, Muyeed AZ. Multidimensional resilience in urban children exposed to community violence. Child Development. 2002;73(4):1265–1282.
    1. Osgood DW, Wilson JK, O'Malley PM, Bachman JG, Johnston LD. Routine activities and individual deviant behavior. American Sociological Review. 1996;61(4):635–655.
    1. Proctor LJ. Children growing up in a violent community: The role of the family. Aggression and Violent behavior. 2006;11:558–576.
    1. Rankin B, Quane JM. Social contexts and urban adolescent outcomes: The interrelated effects of neighborhoods, families, and peers on African-American youth. Social Problems. 2002;49(1):79–100.
    1. Raudenbush SW, Bryk AS. Hierarchical linear model: Applications and data analysis methods. 2nd ed. Newbury Park, CA: Sage; 2002.
    1. Raudenbush SW, Bryk AS, Cheong YF, Congdon R, du Toit M. HLM 6: Hierarchical Linear and Nonlinear Modeling. Lincolnwood, IL: Scientific Software International, Inc.; 2004.
    1. Rosario M, Salzinger S, Feldman RS, Ng-Mak DS. Community violence exposure and delinquent behaviors among youth: The moderating role of coping. Journal of Community Psychology. 2003;31(5):489–512.
    1. Sampson RJ. The community. In: Wilson JQ, Petersilia J, editors. Crime and public policy. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2011. pp. 210–236.
    1. Sampson RJ. Great American city: Chicago and the enduring neighborhood effect. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press; 2012.
    1. Sampson RJ, Laub JH. Crime in the making: Pathways and turning points through life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press; 1993.
    1. Sampson RJ, Lauritsen JL. Violent victimization and offending: Individual-, situational-, and community-level risk factors. In: Reiss AJ, Roth JA, editors. Understanding and preventing violence. l3. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1994. pp. 1–114.
    1. Sampson RJ, Morenoff JD, Gannon-Rowley T. Assessing "neighborhood effects": Social processes and new directions in research. Annual Review of Sociology. 2002;28:443–478.
    1. Sampson RJ, Morenoff JD, Raudenbush SW. Social anatomy of racial and ethnic disparities in violence. American Journal of Public Health. 2005;95:224–232.
    1. Sampson RJ, Raudenbush SW, Earls F. Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science. 1997;277:918–924.
    1. Saunders B. Understanding children exposure to violence: toward an integration of overlapping fields. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2003;18(4):356–376.
    1. Selner-O'Hagan MB, Kindlon DJ, Buka SL, Raudenbush SW, Earls F. Assessing exposure to violence in urban youth. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 1998;39(2):215–224.
    1. Simons RL, Gordon Simons L, Burt CH, Brody G, Cutrona C. Collective efficacy, authoritative parenting and delinquency: A longitudinal test of a model integrating community- and family-level processes. Criminology. 2005;43(4):989–1029.
    1. Snedker KA, Herting JR, Walton E. Contextual effects and adolescent substance use: Exploring the role of neighborhoods. Social Science Quarterly. 2009;90(5):1272–1297.
    1. Sullivan TN, Kung EM, Farrell AD. Relation between witnessing violence and drug use initiation among rural adolescents: Parental monitoring and family support as protective factors. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology. 2004;33(3):488–498.
    1. Taylor KW, Kliewer W. Violence exposure and early adolescent alcohol use: An exploratory study of family risk and protective factors. Journal of Child and Family Studies. 2006;15(2):207–221.
    1. Tobler AL, Komro KA, Maldonado-Molina MM. Relationship between neighborhood context, family management practices, and alcohol use among urban, multi-ethnic, young adolescents. Prevention Science. 2009;10:313–324.
    1. Turner HA, Finkelhor D, Ormrod RK. The effect of lifetime victimization on the mental health of children and adolescents. Social Science and Medicine. 2006;62:13–27.
    1. Turner RJ, Frankel B, Levin D. Social support: Conceptualization, measurement, and implications for mental health. In: Greenley JR, editor. Research in community and mental health. Vol. 3. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press; 1983. pp. 67–111.
    1. Vermeiren R, Schwab-Stone M, Deboutte D, Leckman PE, Ruchkin V. Violence exposure and substance use in adolescents: Findings from three countries. Pediatrics. 2003;111(3):535–540.
    1. Wilson HW, Smith Stover C, Berkowitz SJ. Research review: The relationship between childhood violence exposure and juvenile antisocial behavior: a meta-analytic review. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2009;50(7):769–779.
    1. Windle M, Spear LP, Fuligni AJ, Angold A, Brown JD, Pine D, Dahl RE. Transitions into underage and problem drinking: Summary of developmental processes and mechanisms: Ages 10–15. Alcohol Research and Health. 2009;32(1):30–40.
    1. Zimmerman GM, Pogarsky G. The consequences of parental underestimation and overestimation of youth exposure to violence. Journal of Marriage and Family. 2011;73:194–208.

Source: PubMed

Szponzorok és közreműködők

Egészségi állapot

Kábítószer-beavatkozások

3
Iratkozz fel