Ivacaftor treatment of cystic fibrosis in children aged 12 to Margaret Rosenfeld  1 , Claire E Wainwright  2 , Mark Higgins  3 , Linda T Wang  4 , Charlotte McKee  4 , Daniel Campbell  4 , Simon Tian  4 , Jennifer Schneider  4 , Steve Cunningham  5 , Jane C Davies  6 ; ARRIVAL study group Collaborators, Affiliations Expand Collaborators ARRIVAL study group: Margaret Rosenfeld, Claire E Wainwright, Mark Higgins, Linda T Wang, Charlotte McKee, Daniel Campbell, Simon Tian, Jennifer Schneider, Steve Cunningham, Jane C Davies, William Harris, Peter Mogayzel, Karen McCoy, Carlos Milla, Ronald Rubenstein, Seth Walker, Philip Black, Gregory Montgomery, Susanna McColley, Peter Hiatt, Gregory Sawicki, Michael Rock, Paul Aurora, Felix Ratjen, Anirban Maitra, Andrew Ives, Erol Gaillard, Paul McNalley, Hiranjan Selvadurai, Philip Robinson Affiliations 1 Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA. 2 Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Lady Cilento Children's Hospital and Child Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia. 3 Vertex Pharmaceuticals, London, UK. 4 Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, MA, USA. 5 University of Edinburgh MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Royal Hospital for Sick Children and University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. 6 Cystic Fibrosis and Chronic Lung Infection, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London & Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK. Electronic address: j.c.davies@Imperial.ac.uk. PMID: 29886024 PMCID: PMC6626762 DOI: 10.1016/S2213-2600(18)30202-9 Free PMC article Item in Clipboard

Abstract

Background: Ivacaftor is generally safe and effective in patients aged 2 years and older who have cystic fibrosis and specific CFTR mutations. We assessed its use in children aged 12 to <24 months.

Methods: The ARRIVAL study is a phase 3, single-arm, two-part, multicentre study. Eligible children were aged 12 to <24 months at enrolment and had a confirmed diagnosis of cystic fibrosis and a CFTR gating mutation on at least one allele and could participate in one or both parts of the study. Children received 50 mg (bodyweight 7 to <14 kg) or 75 mg (bodyweight ≥14 to <25 kg) ivacaftor orally every 12 h. In study part A, children received ivacaftor for 3 days plus one morning. In study part B, children received 24 weeks of treatment. Children were enrolled into part A at seven sites in Australia (one site), the UK (one), and the USA (five) and into part B at 13 sites in Australia (two sites), Canada (one), the UK (three), and the USA (seven). Primary endpoints were pharmacokinetics (part A) and safety (parts A and B) in children who received at least one dose of ivacaftor. Secondary endpoints in part B were pharmacokinetics in children who received at least one dose of ivacaftor and absolute change from baseline in sweat chloride concentration. We also explored changes in growth parameters and markers of pancreatic function. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02725567.

Findings: Children aged 12 to <24 months were enrolled between Aug 25, 2016, and Nov 1, 2017. Seven children were enrolled in part A, of whom five received 50 mg and two received 75 mg ivacaftor. All completed treatment. Of 19 children enrolled in part B, including one from part A, all received 50 mg ivacaftor and 18 completed treatment (one withdrew because of difficulty with blood draws). All children received at least one dose of ivacaftor. Pharmacokinetics indicated exposure was similar to that in children aged 2 to <6 years and adults. No children discontinued because of adverse events or safety findings. In part A, three (43%) of seven children had treatment-emergent adverse events, all of which were mild and deemed not to be or unlikely to be related to ivacaftor. By 24 weeks in part B, treatment-emergent adverse events had been reported in 18 (95%) of 19 children, of which most were mild or moderate and the most frequent was cough (14 [74%] children). Two children in part B had four serious adverse events: one had constipation (possibly related to ivacaftor), distal intestinal obstruction syndrome, and eczema herpeticum, and one had persistent cough, all needing hospital admission. In five (28%) of 18 children aspartate or alanine aminotransferase concentrations rose to more than three times the upper limit of normal (to more than eight times in two children with concurrent infections). At week 24, the mean absolute change from baseline in sweat chloride concentration was -73·5 (SD 17·5) mmol/L. Growth parameters for age were normal at baseline and at week 24. At week 24, concentrations of faecal elastase-1 had increased and concentrations of immunoreactive trypsinogen had decreased from baseline. Mean serum lipase and amylase were raised at baseline and rapidly decreased after treatment was started.

Interpretation: Ivacaftor was generally safe and well tolerated in children aged 12 to <24 months for up to 24 weeks and was associated with rapid and sustained reductions in sweat chloride concentrations. Improvements in biomarkers of pancreatic function suggest that ivacaftor preserves exocrine pancreatic function if started early. The study is continuing in infants younger than 12 months.

Funding: Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated.

Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Figures

Figure 1.

CONSORT diagrams for (A) part A and (B) part B. LFT, liver function test; SwCl, sweat chloride; ULN, upper limit of normal.

Figure 2.

Sweat chloride concentrations. (A) Mean sweat chloride concentration by visit. Means were calculated for each visit from the number of children contributing data at that time point. (B) Mean absolute change from baseline at week 24 for individual children with paired data at BL and 24 weeks. BL, baseline; CF, cystic fibrosis; SD, standard deviation. *Children with paired data at baseline and week 24 for whom sweat chloride concentrations were <30 mmol/L at week 24.

Figure 3.

Exploratory efficacy outcomes. (A) Fecal elastase-1 levels in each child with available data (n=18). (B) Mean IRT levels by visit during the 24-week ivacaftor treatment period. Means were calculated for each visit from the number of children contributing data at that time point. BL, baseline; IRT, immunoreactive trypsinogen; SD, standard deviation.

Figure 4.

Additional safety assessments. (A) Mean lipase and (B) mean amylase levels by visit during the 24-week ivacaftor treatment period. Means were calculated for each visit from the number of children contributing data at that time point. BL, baseline; SD, standard deviation.