Home-Based Intervention to Test and Start (HITS): a community-randomized controlled trial to increase HIV testing uptake among men in rural South Africa

Frank C Tanser, Hae-Young Kim, Thulile Mathenjwa, Maryam Shahmanesh, Janet Seeley, Phillippa Matthews, Sally Wyke, Nuala McGrath, Oluwafemi Adeagbo, Benn Sartorius, Handurugamage Manisha Yapa, Thembelihle Zuma, Anya Zeitlin, Ann Blandford, Adrian Dobra, Till Bärnighausen, Frank C Tanser, Hae-Young Kim, Thulile Mathenjwa, Maryam Shahmanesh, Janet Seeley, Phillippa Matthews, Sally Wyke, Nuala McGrath, Oluwafemi Adeagbo, Benn Sartorius, Handurugamage Manisha Yapa, Thembelihle Zuma, Anya Zeitlin, Ann Blandford, Adrian Dobra, Till Bärnighausen

Abstract

Introduction: The uptake of HIV testing and linkage to care remains low among men, contributing to high HIV incidence in women in South Africa. We conducted the "Home-Based Intervention to Test and Start" (HITS) in a 2x2 factorial cluster randomized controlled trial in one of the World's largest ongoing HIV cohorts in rural South Africa aimed at enhancing both intrinsic and extrinsic motivations for HIV testing.

Methods: Between February and December 2018, in the uMkhanyakude district of KwaZulu-Natal, we randomly assigned 45 communities (clusters) (n = 13,838 residents) to one of the four arms: (i) financial incentives for home-based HIV testing and linkage to care (R50 [$3] food voucher each); (ii) male-targeted HIV-specific decision support application, called EPIC-HIV; (iii) both financial incentives and male-targeted HIV-specific decision support application and (iv) standard of care (SoC). EPIC-HIV was developed to encourage and serve as an intrinsic motivator for HIV testing and linkage to care, and individually offered to men via a tablet device. Financial incentives were offered to both men and women. Here we report the effect of the interventions on uptake of home-based HIV testing among men. Intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis was performed using modified Poisson regression with adjustment for clustering of standard errors at the cluster levels.

Results: Among all 13,838 men ≥ 15 years living in the 45 communities, the overall population coverage during a single round of home-based HIV testing was 20.7%. The uptake of HIV testing was 27.5% (683/2481) in the financial incentives arm, 17.1% (433/2534) in the EPIC-HIV arm, 26.8% (568/2120) in the arm receiving both interventions and 17.8% in the SoC arm. The probability of HIV testing increased substantially by 55% in the financial incentives arm (risk ratio (RR)=1.55, 95% CI: 1.31 to 1.82, p < 0.001) and 51% in the arm receiving both interventions (RR = 1.51, 95% CI: 1.21 to 1.87 p < 0.001), compared to men in the SoC arm. The probability of HIV testing did not significantly differ in the EPIC-HIV arm (RR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.76 to 1.20, p = 0.70).

Conclusions: The provision of a small financial incentive acted as a powerful extrinsic motivator substantially increasing the uptake of home-based HIV testing among men in rural South Africa. In contrast, the counselling and testing application which was designed to encourage and serve as an intrinsic motivator to test for HIV did not increase the uptake of home-based testing.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03757104.

Keywords: Home-based HIV testing; South Africa; counselling; financial incentives; mHealth; men; randomized controlled trial.

© 2021 The Authors. Journal of the International AIDS Society published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of the International AIDS Society.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Flow diagram for HITS trial. Flow diagram shows individual flow through each stage of the cluster randomized controlled trial by intervention arms. EPIC, Empowering People through Informed Choices for HIV.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Risk ratio (RR) of HIV testing uptake in the full intent‐to‐treat analysis among all eligible men. The circle symbol with the error bar represents the RR with 95% confidence interval in each arm compared to the standard of care arm. The percentage (%) indicates the percentage of HIV testing uptake.

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