Management of postoperative nausea and vomiting: focus on palonosetron

Neil A Muchatuta, Michael J Paech, Neil A Muchatuta, Michael J Paech

Abstract

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) remains a significant problem in modern anesthetic practice, with an incidence in high-risk groups of up to 80%. In addition to being unpleasant and distressing for the patient, PONV has the potential to adversely affect patient and surgical outcomes. Advances in PONV prophylaxis over recent years include using non-pharmacological means to reduce baseline risk, a change to less emetogenic anesthetic techniques and the combination of multiple antiemetic drugs. The 5-hydroxytryptamine-3 (5-HT(3)) antagonists have proven a particularly valuable addition to the armamentarium against PONV. Palonosetron is a second-generation 5-HT(3) antagonist that has recently been approved for prophylaxis against PONV. It has unique structural, pharmacological and clinical properties that distinguish it from other agents in its class. This review summarizes current evidence on PONV prophylaxis, reviews the 5-HT(3) antagonists in particular and focuses on the established and future roles of palonosetron.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Structures of palonosetron and other 5-HT3 antagonists. Reproduced with permission from Rojas C, Grunberg S, Rosti G. 2007. Creating real benefit for patients at risk of nausea and vomiting: palonosetron-from bench to bedside. Clin Adv Hematol Oncol, 5(12 Suppl 19):1–20. Copyright © 2007 Millenium Medical Publishing.
Figure 2
Figure 2
0- to 24-hour PONV: complete response (CR), no nausea and no emesis. *pAbbreviations: Palo, palonosetron; PONV, postoperative nausea and vomiting.
Figure 3
Figure 3
24- to 72-hour PONV: complete response (CR) and no emesis. *pAbbreviations: Palo, palonosetron; PONV, postoperative nausea and vomiting.

References

    1. Macario A, Weinger M, Carney S, Kim A. Which clinical anesthesia outcomes are important to avoid? The perspective of patients. Anesth Analg. 1999;89(3):652–8.
    1. Gan T, Sloan F, Dear Gde L, El-Moalem HE, Lubarsky DA. How much are patients willing to pay to avoid postoperative nausea and vomiting? Anesth Analg. 2001;92(2):393–400.
    1. van den Bosch JE, Bonsel GJ, Moons KG, Kalkman CJ. Effect of postoperative experiences on willingness to pay to avoid postoperative pain, nausea, and vomiting. Anesthesiology. 2006;104(5):1033–9.
    1. Lee A, Gin T, Lau AS, Ng FF. A comparison of patients’ and health care professionals’ preferences for symptoms during immediate postoperative recovery and the management of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesth Analg. 2005;100(1):87–93.
    1. Myles PS, Williams DL, Hendrata M, Anderson H, Weeks AM. Patient satisfaction after anaesthesia and surgery: results of a prospective survey of 10,811 patients. Br J Anaesth. 2000;84(1):6–10.
    1. Gan TJ. Risk factors for postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesth Analg. 2006;102(6):1884–98.
    1. Cohen MM, Duncan PG, DeBoer DP, Tweed WA. The postoperative interview: assessing risk factors for nausea and vomiting. Anesth Analg. 1994;78(1):7–16.
    1. Lerman J. Surgical and patient factors involved in postoperative nausea and vomiting. Br J Anaesth. 1992;69(7 Suppl 1):24S–32S.
    1. Apfel CC, Laara E, Koivuranta M, Greim CA, Roewer N. A simplified risk score for predicting postoperative nausea and vomiting: conclusions from cross-validations between two centers. Anesthesiology. 1999;91(3):693–700.
    1. Paech MJ, Pavy TJ, Evans SF. Single-dose prophylaxis for postoperative nausea and vomiting after major abdominal surgery: ondansetron versus droperidol. Anaesth Intensive Care. 1995;23(5):548–54.
    1. Apfel CC, Greim CA, Haubitz I, Goepfert C, Usadel J, Sefrin P, et al. A risk score to predict the probability of postoperative vomiting in adults. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1998;42(5):495–501.
    1. Apfel CC, Kranke P, Eberhart LH, Roos A, Roewer N. Comparison of predictive models for postoperative nausea and vomiting. Br J Anaesth. 2000;88(2):234–40.
    1. Apfel CC, Kranke P, Greim CA, Roewer N. What can be expected from risk scores for predicting postoperative nausea and vomiting? Br J Anaesth. 2001;86(6):822–7.
    1. Biedler A, Wermelt J, Kunitz O, Muller A, Wilhelm W, Dethling J, et al. A risk adapted approach reduces the overall institutional incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Can J Anaesth. 2004;51(1):13–9.
    1. Stadler M, Bardiau F, Seidel L, Albert A, Boogaerts JG. Difference in risk factors for postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesthesiology. 2003;98(1):46–52.
    1. Sinclair DR, Chung F, Mezei G. Can postoperative nausea and vomiting be predicted. Anesthesiology. 1999;91:109–118.
    1. Roberts GW, Bekker TB, Carlsen HH, Moffatt CH, Slattery PJ, McClure AF. Postoperative nausea and vomiting are strongly influenced by postoperative opioid use in a dose-related manner. Anesth Analg. 2005;101(5):1343–8.
    1. Apfel CC, Kranke P, Katz MH, Goepfert C, Papenfuss T, Rauch S, et al. Volatile anaesthetics may be the main cause of early but not delayed postoperative vomiting: a randomized controlled trial of factorial design. Br J Anaesth. 2002;88(5):659–68.
    1. Apfel CC, Korttila K, Abdalla M, Kerger H, Turan A, Vedder I, et al. A factorial trial of six interventions for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(24):2441–51.
    1. Tramer M, Moore A, McQuay H. Omitting nitrous oxide in general anaesthesia: meta-analysis of intraoperative awareness and postoperative emesis in randomized controlled trials. Br J Anaesth. 1996;76(2):186–93.
    1. Leslie K, Myles PS, Chan MT, Paech MJ, Peyton P, Forbes A, et al. Risk factors for severe postoperative nausea and vomiting in a randomized trial of nitrous oxide-based vs nitrous oxide-free anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth. 2008;101(4):498–505.
    1. Yogendran S, Asokumar B, Cheng DC, Chung F. A prospective randomized double-blinded study of the effect of intravenous fluid therapy on adverse outcomes on outpatient surgery. Anesth Analg. 1995;80(4):682–6.
    1. Magner JJ, McCaul C, Carton E, Gardiner J, Buggy D. Effect of intraoperative intravenous crystalloid infusion on postoperative nausea and vomiting after gynaecological laparoscopy: comparison of 30 and 10 ml kg(−1) Br J Anaesth. 2004;93(3):381–5.
    1. Maharaj CH, Kallam SR, Malik A, Hassett P, Grady D, Laffey JG. Preoperative intravenous fluid therapy decreases postoperative nausea and pain in high risk patients. Anesth Analg. 2005;100(3):675–82.
    1. White PF, Watcha MF. Postoperative nausea and vomiting: prophylaxis versus treatment. Anesth Analg. 1999;89(6):1337–9.
    1. Alkaissi A, Gunnarsson H, Johnsson V, Evertsson K, Ofenbartl L, Kalman S. Disturbing post-operative symptoms are not reduced by prophylactic antiemetic treatment in patients at high risk of post-operative nausea and vomiting. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2004;48(6):761–71.
    1. Carlisle JB, Stevenson CA. rugs for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;3:CD004125.
    1. Lee A, Done ML. The use of nonpharmacologic techniques to prevent postoperative nausea and vomiting: a meta-analysis. Anesth Analg. 1999;88(6):1362–9.
    1. White PF, Issioui T, Hu J, Jones SB, Coleman JE, Waddle JP, et al. Comparative efficacy of acustimulation (ReliefBand) versus ondansetron (Zofran) in combination with droperidol for preventing nausea and vomiting. Anesthesiology. 2002;97(5):1075–81.
    1. Rowbotham DJ. Recent advances in the non-pharmacological management of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Br J Anaesth. 2005;95(1):77–81.
    1. Visser K, Hassink EA, Bonsel GJ, Moen J, Kalkman CJ. Randomized controlled trial of total intravenous anesthesia with propofol versus inhalation anesthesia with isoflurane-nitrous oxide: postoperative nausea with vomiting and economic analysis. Anesthesiology. 2001;95(3):616–26.
    1. Habib AS, White WD, Eubanks S, Pappas TN, Gan TJ. A randomized comparison of a multimodal management strategy versus combination antiemetics for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesth Analg. 2004;99(1):77–81.
    1. Gupta A, Wu CL, Elkassabany N, Krug CE, Parker SD, Fleisher LA. Does the routine prophylactic use of antiemetics affect the incidence of postdischarge nausea and vomiting following ambulatory surgery? A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Anesthesiology. 2003;99(2):488–95.
    1. Ernst E, Pittler MH. Efficacy of ginger for nausea and vomiting: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Br J Anaesth. 2000;84(3):367–71.
    1. Lewis IH, Campbell DN, Barrowcliffe MP. Effect of nabilone on nausea and vomiting after total abdominal hysterectomy. Br J Anaesth. 1994;73(2):244–6.
    1. Henzi I, Walder B, Tramer MR. Metoclopramide in the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting: a quantitative systematic review of randomized, placebo-controlled studies. Br J Anaesth. 1999;83(5):761–71.
    1. Domino KB, Anderson EA, Polissar NL, Posner KL. Comparative efficacy and safety of ondansetron, droperidol, and metoclopramide for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting: a meta-analysis. Anesth Analg. 1999;88(6):1370–9.
    1. Loeser EA, Bennett G, Stanley TH, Machin R. Comparison of droperidol, haloperidol and prochlorperazine as postoperative anti-emetics. Can Anaesth Soc J. 1979;26(2):125–7.
    1. Ahmed AB, Hobbs GJ, Curran JP. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of combination antiemetic prophylaxis for day-case gynaecological laparoscopic surgery. Br J Anaesth. 2000;85(5):678–82.
    1. Chia YY, Lo Y, Liu K, Tan PH, Chung NC, Ko NH. The effect of promethazine on postoperative pain: a comparison of preoperative, postoperative, and placebo administration in patients following total abdominal hysterectomy. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2004;48(5):625–30.
    1. Silverman DG, Freilich J, Sevarino FB, Paige D, Preble L, O’Connor TZ. Influence of promethazine on symptom-therapy scores for nausea during patient-controlled analgesia with morphine. Anesth Analg. 1992;74(5):735–8.
    1. Cholwill JM, Wright W, Hobbs GJ, Curran J. Comparison of ondansetron and cyclizine for prevention of nausea and vomiting after day-case gynaecological laparoscopy. Br J Anaesth. 1999;83(4):611–4.
    1. Johns RA, Hanousek J, Montgomery JE. A comparison of cyclizine and granisetron alone and in combination for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anaesthesia. 2006;61(11):1053–7.
    1. Kranke P, Morin AM, Roewer N, Wulf H, Eberhart LH. The efficacy and safety of transdermal scopolamine for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting: a quantitative systematic review. Anesth Analg. 2002;95(1):133–43.
    1. Hill RP, Lubarsky DA, Phillips-Bute B, Fortney JT, Creed MR, Glass PS, et al. Cost-effectiveness of prophylactic antiemetic therapy with ondansetron, droperidol, or placebo. Anesthesiology. 2000;92(4):958–67.
    1. Henzi I, Sonderegger J, Tramer MR. Efficacy, dose-response, and adverse effects of droperidol for prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Can J Anaesth. 2000;47(6):537–51.
    1. Fortney JT, Gan TJ, Graczyk S, Wetchler B, Melson T, Khalil S, et al. A comparison of the efficacy, safety, and patient satisfaction of ondansetron versus droperidol as antiemetics for elective outpatient surgical procedures. S3A-409 and S3A-410 Study Groups. Anesth Analg. 1998;86(4):731–8.
    1. Tang J, Watcha MF, White PF. A comparison of costs and efficacy of ondansetron and droperidol as prophylactic antiemetic therapy for elective outpatient gynecologic procedures. Anesth Analg. 1996;83(2):304–13.
    1. Tang J, Chen X, White PF, Wender RH, Ma H, Sloninsky A, et al. Antiemetic prophylaxis for office-based surgery: are the 5-HT3 receptor antagonists beneficial? Anesthesiology. 2003;98(2):293–8.
    1. Lim BS, Pavy TJ, Lumsden G. The antiemetic and dysphoric effects of droperidol in the day surgery patient. Anaesth Intensive Care. 1999;27(4):371–4.
    1. White PF, Song D, Abrao J, Klein KW, Navarette B. Effect of low-dose droperidol on the QT interval during and after general anesthesia: a placebo-controlled study. Anesthesiology. 2005;102(6):1101–5.
    1. Charbit B, Albaladejo P, Funck-Brentano C, Legrand M, Samain E, Marty J. Prolongation of QTc interval after postoperative nausea and vomiting treatment by droperidol or ondansetron. Anesthesiology. 2005;102(6):1094–100.
    1. Liu K, Hsu CC, Chia YY. The effect of dose of dexamethasone for antiemesis after major gynecological surgery. Anesth Analg. 1999;89(5):1316–8.
    1. Lee Y, Lai HY, Lin PC, Lin YS, Huang SJ, Shyr MH.A dose ranging study of dexamethasone for preventing patient-controlled analgesia-related nausea and vomiting: a comparison of droperidol with saline Anesth Analg 20049841066–71.table of contents.
    1. Henzi I, Walder B, Tramer MR. Dexamethasone for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting: a quantitative systematic review. Anesth Analg. 2000;90(1):186–94.
    1. Diemunsch P, Schoeffler P, Bryssine B, Cheli-Muller LE, Lees J, McQuade BA, et al. Antiemetic activity of the NK1 receptor antagonist GR205171 in the treatment of established postoperative nausea and vomiting after major gynaecological surgery. Br J Anaesth. 1999;82(2):274–6.
    1. Scuderi PE, James RL, Harris L, Mims GR. 3rd. Multimodal antiemetic management prevents early postoperative vomiting after outpatient laparoscopy. Anesth Analg. 2000;91(6):1408–14.
    1. Paech MJ, Lee BH, Evans SF. The effect of anaesthetic technique on postoperative nausea and vomiting after day-case gynaecological laparoscopy. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2002;30(2):153–9.
    1. McKenzie R, Tantisira B, Karambelkar DJ, Riley TJ, Abdelhady H. Comparison of ondansetron with ondansetron plus dexamethasone in the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesth Analg. 1994;79(5):961–4.
    1. Eberhart LH, Morin AM, Bothner U, Georgieff M. Droperidol and 5-HT3-receptor antagonists, alone or in combination, for prophylaxis of postoperative nausea and vomiting. A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2000;44(10):1252–7.
    1. Tramer MR. A rational approach to the control of postoperative nausea and vomiting: evidence from systematic reviews. Part II. Recommendations for prevention and treatment, and research agenda. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2001;45(1):14–9.
    1. Habib AS, Gan TJ. Evidence-based management of postoperative nausea and vomiting: a review. Can J Anaesth. 2004;51(4):326–41.
    1. Gan TJ, Meyer T, Apfel CC, Chung F, Davis PJ, Eubanks S, et al. Consensus guidelines for managing postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesth Analg. 2003;97(1):62–71.
    1. Gan TJ, Meyer TA, Apfel CC, Chung F, Davis PJ, Habib AS, et al. Society for Ambulatory Anesthesia guidelines for the management of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesth Analg. 2007;105(6):1615–28.
    1. Paech MJ, Rucklidge MW, Lain J, Dodd PH, Bennett EJ, Doherty DA. Ondansetron and dexamethasone dose combinations for prophylaxis against postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesth Analg. 2007;104(4):808–14.
    1. Marret E, Kurdi O, Zufferey P, Bonnet F. Effects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs on patient-controlled analgesia morphine side effects: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Anesthesiology. 2005;102(6):1249–60.
    1. Tramer MR, Moore RA, Reynolds DJ, McQuay HJ. A quantitative systematic review of ondansetron in treatment of established postoperative nausea and vomiting. BMJ. 1997;314(7087):1088–92.
    1. Moser JD, Caldwell JB, Rhule FJ. No more than necessary: safety and efficacy of low-dose promethazine. Ann Pharmacother. 2006;40(1):45–8.
    1. Lee Y, Wang JJ, Yang YL, Chen A, Lai HY. Midazolam vs ondansetron for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting: a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia. 2007;62(1):18–22.
    1. Kim SI, Han TH, Kil HY, Lee JS, Kim SC. Prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting by continuous infusion of subhypnotic propofol in female patients receiving intravenous patient-controlled analgesia. Br J Anaesth. 2000;85(6):898–900.
    1. Gan TJ, El-Molem H, Ray J, Glass PS. Patient-controlled antiemesis: a randomized, double-blind comparison of two doses of propofol versus placebo. Anesthesiology. 1999;90(6):1564–70.
    1. Di Florio T, Goucke CR. The effect of midazolam on persistent postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anaesth Intensive Care. 1999;27(1):38–40.
    1. Unlugenc H, Guler T, Gunes Y, Isik G. Comparative study of the anti-emetic efficacy of ondansetron, propofol and midazolam in the early postoperative period. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2004;21(1):60–5.
    1. Gan TJ, Ginsberg B, Glass PS, Fortney J, Jhaveri R, Perno R. Opioid-sparing effects of a low-dose infusion of naloxone in patient-administered morphine sulfate. Anesthesiology. 1997;87(5):1075–81.
    1. Loewen PS, Marra CA, Zed PJ. 5-HT3 receptor antagonists vs traditional agents for the prophylaxis of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Can J Anaesth. 2000;47(10):1008–18.
    1. Tramer MR, Reynolds DJ, Moore RA, McQuay HJ. Efficacy, dose-response, and safety of ondansetron in prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting: a quantitative systematic review of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Anesthesiology. 1997;87(6):1277–89.
    1. White PF, Tang J, Hamza MA, Ogunnaike B, Lo M, Wender RH, et al. The use of oral granisetron versus intravenous ondansetron for antiemetic prophylaxis in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery: the effect on emetic symptoms and quality of recovery. Anesth Analg. 2006;102(5):1387–93.
    1. Gan TJ, Coop A, Philip BK. A randomized, double-blind study of granisetron plus dexamethasone versus ondansetron plus dexamethasone to prevent postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy. Anesth Analg. 2005;101(5):1323–9.
    1. Zarate E, Watcha MF, White PF, Klein KW, Sa Rego M, Stewart DG. A comparison of the costs and efficacy of ondansetron versus dolasetron for antiemetic prophylaxis. Anesth Analg. 2000;90(6):1352–8.
    1. Paech MJ, Rucklidge MW, Banks SL, Gurrin LC, Orlikowski CE, Pavy TJ. The efficacy and cost-effectiveness of prophylactic 5-hydroxytryptamine3 receptor antagonists: tropisetron, ondansetron and dolasetron. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2003;31(1):11–7.
    1. Gan TJ. Selective serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonists for postoperative nausea and vomiting: are they all the same? CNS Drugs. 2005;19(3):225–38.
    1. Ho KY, Gan TJ. Pharmacology, pharmacogenetics, and clinical efficacy of 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 receptor antagonists for postoperative nausea and vomiting. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2006;19(6):606–11.
    1. Watcha MF, White PF. Postoperative nausea and vomiting. Its etiology, treatment, and prevention. Anesthesiology. 1992;77(1):162–84.
    1. Tsukagoshi S. [Pharmacokinetics of azasetron (Serotone), a selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist] Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1999;26(7):1001–8.
    1. Sanofi-Anentis 2006. Anzemet (dolasetron) prescribing information [online]. Accessed 25 August 2008. URL: .
    1. Roche 2005. Kytril (granisetron) prescribing information [online]. Accessed 25 August 2008. URL: .
    1. GlaxoSmithKline 2006. Zofran (ondansetron) prescribing information [online]. Accessed 25 August 2008. URL: .
    1. Ramosetron Rabasseda X. a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist for the control of nausea and vomiting. Drugs Today (Barc) 2002;38(2):75–89.
    1. Novartis 2008. Navoban (tropisetron) prescribing information [online]. Accessed 25 August 2008. URL: .
    1. Aapro M. 5-HT(3)-receptor antagonists in the management of nausea and vomiting in cancer and cancer treatment. Oncology. 2005;69(2):97–109.
    1. Upward JW, Arnold BD, Link C, Pierce DM, Allen A, Tasker TC. The clinical pharmacology of granisetron (BRL 43694), a novel specific 5-HT3 antagonist. Eur J Cancer. 1990;26(Suppl 1):S12–5.
    1. Newberry NR, Watkins CJ, Sprosen TS, Blackburn TP, Grahame-Smith DG, Leslie RA. BRL 46470 potently antagonizes neural responses activated by 5-HT3 receptors. Neuropharmacology. 1993;32(8):729–35.
    1. Wong EH, Clark R, Leung E, Loury D, Bonhaus DW, Jakeman L, et al. The interaction of RS 25259-197, a potent and selective antagonist, with 5-HT3 receptors, in vitro. Br J Pharmacol. 1995;114(4):851–9.
    1. Cascorbi I. Pharmacogenetics of cytochrome p4502D6: genetic background and clinical implication. Eur J Clin Invest. 2003;33(Suppl 2):17–22.
    1. Eichelbaum M, Baur MP, Dengler HJ, Osikowska-Evers BO, Tieves G, Zekorn C, et al. Chromosomal assignment of human cytochrome P-450 (debrisoquine/sparteine type) to chromosome 22. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1987;23(4):455–8.
    1. Gough AC, Smith CA, Howell SM, Wolf CR, Bryant SP, Spurr NK. Localization of the CYP2D gene locus to human chromosome 22q13.1 by polymerase chain reaction, in situ hybridization, and linkage analysis. Genomics. 1993;15(2):430–2.
    1. Touw DJ. Clinical implications of genetic polymorphisms and drug interactions mediated by cytochrome P-450 enzymes. Drug Metabol Drug Interact. 1997;14(2):55–82.
    1. Janicki PK. Cytochrome P450 2D6 metabolism and 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 receptor antagonists for postoperative nausea and vomiting. Med Sci Monit. 2005;11(10):RA322–8.
    1. Dahl ML, Johansson I, Bertilsson L, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Sjoqvist F. Ultrarapid hydroxylation of debrisoquine in a Swedish population. Analysis of the molecular genetic basis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1995;274(1):516–20.
    1. Agundez JA, Ledesma MC, Ladero JM, Benitez J. Prevalence of CYP2D6 gene duplication and its repercussion on the oxidative phenotype in a white population. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1995;57(3):265–9.
    1. McLellan RA, Oscarson M, Seidegard J, Evans DA, Ingelman-Sundberg M. Frequent occurrence of CYP2D6 gene duplication in Saudi Arabians. Pharmacogenetics. 1997;7(3):187–91.
    1. Candiotti KA, Birnbach DJ, Lubarsky DA, Nhuch F, Kamat A, Koch WH, et al. The impact of pharmacogenomics on postoperative nausea and vomiting: do CYP2D6 allele copy number and polymorphisms affect the success or failure of ondansetron prophylaxis? Anesthesiology. 2005;102(3):543–9.
    1. Kaiser R, Sezer O, Papies A, Bauer S, Schelenz C, Tremblay PB, et al. Patient-tailored antiemetic treatment with 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 receptor antagonists according to cytochrome P-450 2D6 genotypes. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20(12):2805–11.
    1. Tremblay PB, Kaiser R, Sezer O, Rosler N, Schelenz C, Possinger K, et al. Variations in the 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3B receptor gene as predictors of the efficacy of antiemetic treatment in cancer patients. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(11):2147–55.
    1. Kaiser R, Tremblay PB, Sezer O, Possinger K, Roots I, Brockmoller J. Investigation of the association between 5-HT3A receptor gene polymorphisms and efficiency of antiemetic treatment with 5-HT3 receptor antagonists. Pharmacogenetics. 2004;14(5):271–8.
    1. Babaoglu MO, Bayar B, Aynacioglu AS, Kerb R, Abali H, Celik I, et al. Association of the ABCB1 3435C> T polymorphism with antiemetic efficacy of 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 antagonists. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2005;78(6):619–26.
    1. Helmers JH, Briggs L, Abrahamsson J, Soni J, Moodley J, Forrler M, et al. A single i.v. dose of ondansetron 8 mg prior to induction of anaesthesia reduces postoperative nausea and vomiting in gynaecological patients. Can J Anaesth. 1993;40(12):1155–61.
    1. Kovac AL, Scuderi PE, Boerner TF, Chelly JE, Goldberg ME, Hantler CB, et al. Treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting with single intravenous doses of dolasetron mesylate: a multicenter trial. Dolasetron Mesylate PONV Treatment Study Group. Anesth Analg. 1997;85(3):546–52.
    1. Philip BK, McLeskey CH, Chelly JE, McKenzie R, Kovac AL, Diemunsch P, et al. Pooled analysis of three large clinical trials to determine the optimal dose of dolasetron mesylate needed to prevent postoperative nausea and vomiting. The Dolasetron Prophylaxis Study Group. J Clin Anesth. 2000;12(1):1–8.
    1. Mikawa K, Takao Y, Nishina K, Shiga M, Maekawa N, Obara H. Optimal dose of granisetron for prophylaxis against postoperative emesis after gynecological surgery. Anesth Analg. 1997;85(3):652–6.
    1. Chan MT, Chui PT, Ho WS, King WW. Single-dose tropisetron for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting after breast surgery. Anesth Analg. 1998;87(4):931–5.
    1. Kazemi-Kjellberg F, Henzi I, Tramer MR. Treatment of established postoperative nausea and vomiting: a quantitative systematic review. BMC Anesthesiol. 2001;1(1):2.
    1. Kovac AL. Prophylaxis of postoperative nausea and vomiting: controversies in the use of serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine subtype 3 receptor antagonists. J Clin Anesth. 2006;18(4):304–18.
    1. Hesketh P, Navari R, Grote T, Gralla R, Hainsworth J, Kris M, et al. Double-blind, randomized comparison of the antiemetic efficacy of intravenous dolasetron mesylate and intravenous ondansetron in the prevention of acute cisplatin-induced emesis in patients with cancer. Dolasetron Comparative Chemotherapy-induced Emesis Prevention Group. J Clin Oncol. 1996;14(8):2242–9.
    1. Leslie JB, Gan TJ. Meta-analysis of the safety of 5-HT3 antagonists with dexamethasone or droperidol for prevention of PONV. Ann Pharmacother. 2006;40(5):856–72.
    1. Stoltz R, Cyong JC, Shah A, Parisi S. Pharmacokinetic and safety evaluation of palonosetron, a 5-hydroxytryptamine-3 receptor antagonist, in US and Japanese healthy subjects. J Clin Pharmacol. 2004;44(5):520–31.
    1. Stoltz R, Parisi S, Shah A, Macciocchi A. Pharmacokinetics, metabolism and excretion of intravenous [l4C]-palonosetron in healthy human volunteers. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 2004;25(8):329–37.
    1. Eisenberg P, MacKintosh FR, Ritch P, Cornett PA, Macciocchi A. Efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics of palonosetron in patients receiving highly emetogenic cisplatin-based chemotherapy: a dose-ranging clinical study. Ann Oncol. 2004;15(2):330–7.
    1. MGI Pharma 2008. ALOXI (Palonosetron HCl) prescribing information [online]. Accessed 6 August 2008. URL: .
    1. Aapro MS, Macciocchi A, Gridelli C. Palonosetron improves prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in elderly patients. J Support Oncol. 2005;3(5):369–74.
    1. Sepulveda-Vildosola AC, Betanzos-Cabrera Y, Lastiri GG, Rivera-Marquez H, Villasis-Keever MA, Del Angel VW, et al. Palonosetron Hydrochloride Is an Effective and Safe Option to Prevent Chemotherapy-induced Nausea and Vomiting in Children. Arch Med Res. 2008;39(6):601–6.
    1. Rojas C, Grunberg S, Rosti G. Creating real benefit for patients at risk of nausea and vomiting: palonosetron-from bench to bedside. Clin Adv Hematol Oncol. 2007;5(12 Suppl 19):1–20.
    1. Rojas C, Stathis M, Thomas AG, Massuda EB, Alt J, Zhang J, et al. Palonosetron exhibits unique molecular interactions with the 5-HT3 receptor. Anesth Analg. 2008;107(2):469–78.
    1. Bissoli F, McGuiggan M, Bertazzoli M. Post-marketing experience of palonosetron confirms a favourable benefit/risk profile. Support Care Cancer. 2005;13(413):A04–17.
    1. Gralla R, Lichinitser M, Van Der Vegt S, Sleeboom H, Mezger J, Peschel C, et al. Palonosetron improves prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting following moderately emetogenic chemotherapy: results of a double-blind randomized phase III trial comparing single doses of palonosetron with ondansetron. Ann Oncol. 2003;14(10):1570–7.
    1. Eisenberg P, Figueroa-Vadillo J, Zamora R, Charu V, Hajdenberg J, Cartmell A, et al. Improved prevention of moderately emetogenic chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting with palonosetron, a pharmacologically novel 5-HT3 receptor antagonist: results of a phase III, single-dose trial versus dolasetron. Cancer. 2003;98(11):2473–82.
    1. Aapro MS, Grunberg SM, Manikhas GM, Olivares G, Suarez T, Tjulandin SA, et al. A phase III, double-blind, randomized trial of palonosetron compared with ondansetron in preventing chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting following highly emetogenic chemotherapy. Ann Oncol. 2006;17(9):1441–9.
    1. Vernalis Pharmaceuticals 2006. Apokyn (apomorphine hydrochloride injection) prescribing information [online]. Accessed 28 August 2008. URL: .
    1. Grunberg SM, Van den Burgt JA, Berry S, Rubenstein EB, Berry D.Prevention of delayed nausea and vomiting (D-CINV): carryover effect analysis of pooled data from 2 phase III studies of palonosetron (PALO) Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 200423738Abstract 8051.
    1. Hajdenberg J, Grote T, Yee L, Arevalo-Araujo R, Latimer LA. Infusion of palonosetron plus dexamethasone for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. J Support Oncol. 2006;4(9):467–71.
    1. Grote T, Hajdenberg J, Cartmell A, Ferguson S, Ginkel A, Charu V. Combination therapy for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in patients receiving moderately emetogenic chemotherapy: palonosetron, dexamethasone, and aprepitant. J Support Oncol. 2006;4(8):403–8.
    1. Herrington JD, Jaskiewicz AD, Song J. Randomized, placebo-controlled, pilot study evaluating aprepitant single dose plus palonosetron and dexamethasone for the prevention of acute and delayed chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Cancer. 2008;112(9):2080–7.
    1. Grunberg SM, Dugan M, Muss HB, Wood M, Burdette-Radoux S, Weisberg T. Efficacy of a 1-day 3-drug antiemetic regimen for prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting induced by moderately emetogenic chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(18S):520s.
    1. Einhorn LH, Brames MJ, Dreicer R, Nichols CR, Cullen MT, Jr, Bubalo J. Palonosetron plus dexamethasone for prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in patients receiving multiple-day cisplatin chemotherapy for germ cell cancer. Support Care Cancer. 2007;15(11):1293–300.
    1. Hunt TL, Gallagher SC, Cullen MT, Jr, Shah AK. Evaluation of safety and pharmacokinetics of consecutive multiple-day dosing of palonosetron in healthy subjects. J Clin Pharmacol. 2005;45(5):589–96.
    1. White PF, Scuderi PE. Prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV): A dose-ranging study involving palonosetron, a potent 5-HT3 receptor antagonist. Anesthesiology. 2005;103:A703.
    1. Kovac AL, Candiotti KA, Melson TI, Gan TJ. Efficacy of palonosetron in preventing PONV and PDNV: results of a phase 3 multicenter, randomized, double-blind, dose-ranging study. Presented at SAMBA; 3–6; San Diego, CA. May, 2007.
    1. Kovac AL, Eberhart L, Kotarski J, Clerici G, Apfel C. A randomized, double-blind study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of three different doses of palonosetron versus placebo in preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting over a 72-hour period. Anesth Analg. 2008;107(2):439–44.
    1. Candiotti KA, Kovac AL, Melson TI, Clerici G, Joo Gan T. A randomized, double-blind study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of three different doses of palonosetron versus placebo for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesth Analg. 2008;107(2):445–51.
    1. Lichtor JL, Glass PS. We’re tired of waiting. Anesth Analg. 2008;107(2):353–5.
    1. White PF, Sacan O, Nuangchamnong N, Sun T, Eng MR. The relationship between patient risk factors and early versus late postoperative emetic symptoms. Anesth Analg. 2008;107(2):459–63.
    1. Fisher DM. The “big little problem” of postoperative nausea and vomiting: do we know the answer yet. Anesthesiology. 1997;87:1271–3.
    1. Tarricone R, Girolami F. Economic Evaluation of a New Antiemetic Drug – Palonosetron versus Ondansetron: Assessment of the Drug Price Ratio in Five European Countries. Clin Drug Investig. 2005;25(9):597–608.

Source: PubMed

Szponzorok és közreműködők

Egészségi állapot

Kábítószer-beavatkozások

3
Iratkozz fel