Behavior Change Interventions Delivered through Interpersonal Communication, Agricultural Activities, Community Mobilization, and Mass Media Increase Complementary Feeding Practices and Reduce Child Stunting in Ethiopia

Sunny S Kim, Phuong Hong Nguyen, Yisehac Yohannes, Yewelsew Abebe, Manisha Tharaney, Elizabeth Drummond, Edward A Frongillo, Marie T Ruel, Purnima Menon, Sunny S Kim, Phuong Hong Nguyen, Yisehac Yohannes, Yewelsew Abebe, Manisha Tharaney, Elizabeth Drummond, Edward A Frongillo, Marie T Ruel, Purnima Menon

Abstract

Background: Appropriate infant and young child feeding practices are critical for optimal child growth and development, but in Ethiopia, complementary feeding (CF) practices are very poor. Alive & Thrive (A&T) provided intensive behavior change interventions through 4 platforms: interpersonal communication (IPC), nutrition-sensitive agricultural activities (AG), community mobilization (CM), and mass media (MM).

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of A&T intensive compared with nonintensive interventions (standard nutrition counseling and agricultural extension service and less intensive CM and MM) on CF practices and knowledge and child anthropometric outcomes.

Methods: We used a cluster-randomized evaluation design with cross-sectional surveys among households with children aged 6-23.9 mo [n = 2646 at baseline (2015) and n = 2720 at endline (2017)]. We derived difference-in-difference impact estimates (DDEs) and conducted dose-response and path analyses to document plausibility of impacts.

Results: At endline, exposure to IPC was 17.8-32.3%, exposure to AG was 22.7-36.0%, exposure to CM was 18.6-54.3%, and exposure to MM was 35.4% in the intensive group. Minimum dietary diversity and minimum acceptable diet increased significantly in the intensive group but remained low at endline (24.9% and 18.2%, respectively). Significant differential declines in stunting prevalence were observed (DDE: -5.6 percentage points; P < 0.05) in children aged 6-23.9 mo, decreasing from 36.3% to 22.8% in the intensive group. Dose-response analyses showed higher odds of minimum dietary diversity (OR: 3.3; 95% CI: 2.2, 4.8) and minimum meal frequency (OR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.4, 2.6) and higher height-for-age z score (HAZ) (β: 0.24; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.4) among women exposed to 3 or 4 platforms. Path analyses showed a strong relation between AG and egg consumption, which led to increased child dietary diversity and HAZ.

Conclusions: Delivery of social and behavior change interventions using multiple platforms was feasible and effective, resulting in improvements in CF practices and child stunting within a 2-y period. There is a need for continued efforts, however, to expand intervention coverage and to improve CF practices in Ethiopia. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02775552.

Keywords: Ethiopia; child undernutrition; complementary feeding; effectiveness evaluation; infant feeding; young child feeding.

Copyright © American Society for Nutrition 2019.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Trial profile.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Complementary feeding practices in children aged 6–23.9 mo by intervention group and survey round. (A) Introduction of SSSF, (B) minimum dietary diversity, (C) minimum meal frequency, and (D) minimum acceptable diet. Values are percentages. SSSF, solid, semisolid, or soft foods.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Complementary feeding knowledge scores among mothers with children aged 6–23.9 mo by intervention group and survey round. Values are knowledge score points. **Significant change between groups from baseline to endline, P < 0.01. DDEs with clustered SEs comparing Alive & Thrive intensive and nonintensive areas in 2015 and 2017. Accounts for geographic clustering effect at woreda level. CF, complementary feeding; DDE, difference-in-difference estimate.

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Source: PubMed

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