Traffic-related air toxics and preterm birth: a population-based case-control study in Los Angeles County, California

Michelle Wilhelm, Jo Kay Ghosh, Jason Su, Myles Cockburn, Michael Jerrett, Beate Ritz, Michelle Wilhelm, Jo Kay Ghosh, Jason Su, Myles Cockburn, Michael Jerrett, Beate Ritz

Abstract

Background: Numerous studies have associated air pollutant exposures with adverse birth outcomes, but there is still relatively little information to attribute effects to specific emission sources or air toxics. We used three exposure data sources to examine risks of preterm birth in Los Angeles women when exposed to high levels of traffic-related air pollutants--including specific toxics--during pregnancy.

Methods: We identified births during 6/1/04-3/31/06 to women residing within five miles of a Southern California Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) Multiple Air Toxics Exposure Study (MATES III) monitoring station. We identified preterm cases and, using a risk set approach, matched cases to controls based on gestational age at birth. Pregnancy period exposure averages were estimated for a number of air toxics including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), source-specific PM2.5 (fine particulates with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm) based on a Chemical Mass Balance model, criteria air pollutants based on government monitoring data, and land use regression (LUR) estimates of nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). Associations between these metrics and odds of preterm birth were estimated using conditional logistic regression.

Results: Odds of preterm birth increased 6-21% per inter-quartile range increase in entire pregnancy exposures to organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), benzene, and diesel, biomass burning and ammonium nitrate PM2.5, and 30% per inter-quartile increase in PAHs; these pollutants were positively correlated and clustered together in a factor analysis. Associations with LUR exposure metrics were weaker (3-4% per inter-quartile range increase).

Conclusions: These latest analyses provide additional evidence of traffic-related air pollution's impact on preterm birth for women living in Southern California and indicate PAHs as a pollutant of concern that should be a focus of future studies. Other PAH sources besides traffic were also associated with higher odds of preterm birth, as was ammonium nitrate PM2.5, the latter suggesting potential importance of secondary pollutants. Future studies should focus on accurate modeling of both local and regional spatial and temporal distributions, and incorporation of source information.

References

    1. Ritz B, Yu F, Chapa G, Fruin S. Effect of air pollution on preterm birth among children born in Southern California between 1989 and 1993. Epidemiology. 2000;11:502–511. doi: 10.1097/00001648-200009000-00004.
    1. Wilhelm M, Ritz B. Local variations in CO and particulate air pollution and adverse birth outcomes in Los Angeles County, California, USA. Environ Health Perspect. 2005;113:1212–1221. doi: 10.1289/ehp.7751.
    1. Ritz B, Wilhelm M, Hoggatt KJ, Ghosh JK. Ambient air pollution and preterm birth in the environment and pregnancy outcomes study at the University of California, Los Angeles. Am J Epidemiol. 2007;166:1045–1052. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwm181.
    1. Marshall JD, Riley WJ, McKone TE, Nazaroff WW. Intake fraction of primary pollutants: motor vehicle emissions in the South Coast Air Basin. Atmos Environ. 2003;37:3455–3468. doi: 10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00269-3.
    1. Fine PM, Chakrabarti B, Krudysz M, Schauer J, Sioutas C. Diurnal variations of individual organic compound constituents of ultrafine and accumulation mode particulate matter in the Los Angeles Basin. Environ Sci Technol. 2004;38:1296–1304. doi: 10.1021/es0348389.
    1. Schauer JJ, Rogge WF, Hildeman LM, Mazurek MA, Cass GR, Simoneit BRT. Source apportionment of airborne particulate matter using organic compounds as tracers. Atmos Environ. 1996;30:3837–3855. doi: 10.1016/1352-2310(96)00085-4.
    1. Ritz B, Wilhelm M. Ambient air pollution and adverse birth outcomes: methodologic issues in an emerging field. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2008;102:182–190. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2007.00161.x.
    1. Wilhelm M, Ritz B. Residential proximity to traffic and adverse birth outcomes in Los Angeles County, California, 1994-1996. Environ Health Perspect. 2003;111:207–216.
    1. Wu J, Ren C, Delfino RJ, Chung J, Wilhelm M, Ritz B. Association between local traffic-generated air pollution and preeclampsia and preterm delivery in the South Coast Air Basin of California. Environ Health Perspect. 2009;117:1773–1779. doi: 10.1289/ehp.0800334.
    1. Bosetti C, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Gallus S, Cipriani S, Vecchia CL, Parazzini F. Ambient particulate matter and preterm birth or birth weight: a review of the literature. Arch Toxicol. 2010;84:447–460. doi: 10.1007/s00204-010-0514-z.
    1. Yi O, Kim H, Ha EH. Does area level socioeconomic status modify the effects of PM10 on preterm delivery? Environ Res. 2010;110:55–61. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2009.10.004.
    1. Suh YJ, Kim H, Seo JH, Park H, Kim YJ, Hong YC, Ha EH. Different effects of PM10 exposure on preterm birth by gestational period estimated from time-dependent survival analyses. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2009;82:613–621. doi: 10.1007/s00420-008-0380-7.
    1. Currie J, Neidell M, Schmieder JF. Air pollution and infant health: lessons from New Jersey. J Health Econ. 2009;28:688–703. doi: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2009.02.001.
    1. Woodruff TJ, Parker JD, Darrow LA, Slama R, Bell ML, Choi H, Glinianaia S, Hoggatt KJ, Karr CJ, Lobdell DT, Wilhelm M. Methodological issues in studies of air pollution and reproductive health. Environ Res. 2009;109:311–320. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2008.12.012.
    1. Lacasana M, Esplugues A, Ballester F. Exposure to ambient air pollution and prenatal and early childhood health effects. Eur J Epidemiol. 2005;50:183–199.
    1. van den Hooven EH, Jaddoe V, de Kluizenaar Y, Hofman A, Mackenbach JP, Steegers E, Henk ME, Pierik FH. Residential traffic exposure and pregnancy-related outcomes: a prospective birth cohort study. Environ Health. 2009;8:59. doi: 10.1186/1476-069X-8-59.
    1. Zeka A, Melly SJ, Schwartz J. The effects of socioeconomic status and indices of physical environment on reduced birth weight and preterm births in Eastern Massachusetts. Environ Health. 2008;7:60. doi: 10.1186/1476-069X-7-60.
    1. Genereux M, Auger N, Goneau M, Daniel M. Neighbourhood socioeconomic status, maternal education and adverse birth outcomes among mothers living near highways. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2008;62:695–700. doi: 10.1136/jech.2007.066167.
    1. Yorifuji T, Naruse H, Kashima S, Ohki S, Murakoshi T, Takao S, Tsuda T, Doi H. Residential proximity to major roads and preterm births. Epidemiology. 2011;22:74–80. doi: 10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181fe759f.
    1. Choi H, Rauh V, Garfinkel R, Tu Y, Perera F. Prenatal exposure to airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and risk of intrauterine growth restriction. Environ Health Perspect. 2008;116:658–665. doi: 10.1289/ehp.10958.
    1. Perera FP, Rauh V, Tsai WY, Kinney PL, Camann D, Barr D, Bernert T, Garfinkel R, Tu YH, Diaz D, Dietrich J, Whyatt RM. Effects of transplacental exposure to environmental pollutants on birth outcomes in a multiethnic population. Environ Health Perspect. 2003;111:201–205.
    1. Vassilev ZP, Robson MG, Klotz JB. Outdoor exposure to airborne polycyclic organic matter and adverse reproductive outcomes: a pilot study. Am J Ind Med. 2001;40:255–262. doi: 10.1002/ajim.1096.
    1. Dejmek J, Solansky I, Benes I, Lenicek J, Sram R. The impact of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and fine particles on pregnancy outcome. Environ Health Perspect. 2000;108:1159–1164. doi: 10.1289/ehp.001081159.
    1. Zhu YF, Eiguren-Fernandez A, Hinds W, Miguel AH. In-cabin commuter exposure to ultrafine particles on Los Angeles freeways. Environ Sci Technol. 2007;41:2138–2145. doi: 10.1021/es0618797.
    1. Sioutas C, Delfino R, Singh M. Exposure assessment for atmospheric ultrafine particles (UFPs) and implications for epidemiologic research. Environ Health Perspect. 2005;113:947–955. doi: 10.1289/ehp.7939.
    1. Jedrychowski W, Perera F, Mrozek-Budzyn D, Flak E, Mroz E, Sochacka-Tatara E, Jacek R, Kaim I, Skolicki Z, Spengler JD. Higher fish consumption in pregnancy may confer protection against the harmful effect of prenatal exposure to fine particulate matter. Ann Nutr Metab. 2010;56:119–126. doi: 10.1159/000275918.
    1. Perera FP, Rauh V, Whyatt RM, Tsai WY, Bernert J, Tu Y, Andrews H, Ramirez J, Qu L, Tang D. Molecular evidence of an interaction between prenatal environmental exposures and birth outcomes in a multiethnic population. Environ Health Perspect. 2004;112:626–630. doi: 10.1289/ehp.6617.
    1. Sram RJ, Binkova B, Rossner P, Rubes J, Topinka J, Dejmek J. Adverse reproductive outcomes from exposure to environmental mutagens. Mutat Res. 1999;428:203–215. doi: 10.1016/S1383-5742(99)00048-4.
    1. Zhou Y, Levy JI. Factors influencing the spatial extent of mobile source air pollution impacts: a meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 2007;7:89. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-7-89.
    1. Zhu YF, Hinds WC, Kim S, Sioutas C. Concentration and size distribution of ultrafine particles near a major highway. J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 2002;52:1032–1042.
    1. Kinney PL, Aggarwal M, Northridge ME, Janssen N, Shepard P. Airborne concentrations of PM2.5 and diesel exhaust particles on Harlem Sidewalks: A community-based pilot study. Environ Health Perspect. 2000;108:213–218.
    1. Jerrett M, Arain MA, Kanaroglou P, Beckerman B, Potoglou D, Sahsuvaroglu T, Morrison J, Giovis C. A review and evaluation of intraurban air pollution exposure models. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol. 2005;15:185–204. doi: 10.1038/sj.jea.7500388.
    1. Jerrett M, Arain MA, Kanaroglou P, Beckerman B, Crouse D. Modeling the intraurban variability of ambient traffic pollution in Toronto, Canada. J Toxicol Env Health, Part A. 2007;70:200–212. doi: 10.1080/15287390600883018.
    1. Ross Z, English P, Scalf R, Gunier RB, Smorodinsky S, Wall S, Jerrett M. Nitrogen dioxide prediction in Southern California using land use regression modeling: potential for environmental health analyses. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol. 2005;15:185–204. doi: 10.1038/sj.jea.7500388.
    1. Llop S, Ballester F, Estarlich M, Esplugues A, Rebagliato M, Iniguez C. Preterm birth and exposure to air pollutants during pregnancy. Envion Res. 2010.
    1. Gehring U, van Eijsden M, Dijkema MB, van der Wal MF, Fischer P, Brunekreef B. Traffic-related air pollution and pregnancy outcomes in the Dutch ABCD birth cohort study. Occup Environ Med. 2011;68:36–43. doi: 10.1136/oem.2009.053132.
    1. Gehring U, Wijga AH, Fischer P, de Jongste JC, Kerkhof M, Koppelman GH, Smit HA, Brunekreef B. Traffic-related air pollution, preterm birth and term birth weight in the PIAMA birth cohort study. Environ Res. 2011;111:125–35. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2010.10.004.
    1. Brauer M, Lencar C, Tamburic L, Koehoorn M, Demers P, Karr C. A cohort study of traffic-related air pollution impacts on birth outcomes. Environ Health Perspect. 2008;116:680–686. doi: 10.1289/ehp.10952.
    1. California Air Resources Board. California Ambient Air Quality Data DVD. Sacramento, CA; 2008.
    1. Su JG, Jerrett M, Beckerman B, Wilhelm M, Ghosh JK, Ritz B. Predicting traffic-related air pollution in Los Angeles using a distance decay regression selection strategy. Environ Res. 2009;109:657–670. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2009.06.001.
    1. Wilhelm M, Ghosh JK, Su J, Cockburn M, Jerrett M, Ritz B. Traffic-related air toxics and term low birth weight in Los Angeles County, California. Environ Health Perspect. 2011. in press .
    1. Goldberg DW, Wilson JP, Knoblock CA, Ritz B, Cockburn MG. An effective and efficient approach for manually improving geocoded data. Int J Health Geogr. 2008;7:60. doi: 10.1186/1476-072X-7-60.
    1. South Coast Air Quality Management District. Multiple Air Toxics Exposure Study in the South Coast Air Basin: MATES III Final Report. Diamond Bar, CA; 2008.
    1. Cheng I, Witte JS, McClure LA, Shema SJ, Cockburn MG, John EM, Clarke CA. Socioeconomic status and prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates among the diverse population of California. Cancer Causes Control. 2009;20:1431–1440. doi: 10.1007/s10552-009-9369-0.
    1. Yost K, Perkins C, Cohen R, Morris C, Wright W. Socioeconomic status and breast cancer incidence in California for different race/ethnic groups. Cancer Causes Control. 2001;12:703–711. doi: 10.1023/A:1011240019516.
    1. Lu R, Wu J, Turco RP, Winter A, Atkinson R, Arey J, Paulson SE, Lurmann FW, Miguel AH, Eiguren-Fernandez A. Naphthalene distributions and human exposure in Southern California. Atmos Environ. 2005;39:489–507. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.09.045.
    1. Zhang L, Conner EE, Chegini N, Shiverick KT. Modulation by benzo(a)pyrene of epidermal growth factor receptors, cell proliferation, and secretion of human chorionic gonadotropin in human placental lines. Biochem Pharmacol. 1995;50:1171–1180. doi: 10.1016/0006-2952(95)00253-V.
    1. Nel AE, Diaz-Sanchez D, Li N. The role of particulate pollutants in pulmonary inflammation and asthma: evidence for the involvement of organic chemicals and oxidative stress. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2001;7:20–26. doi: 10.1097/00063198-200101000-00004.
    1. Li N, Sioutas C, Froines J, Cho A, Misra C, Nel AE. Ultrafine particulate pollutants induce oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage. Environ Health Perspect. 2003;111:455–460.
    1. Cho A, Sioutas C, Miguel AH, Kumagai Y, Schmitz D, Singh M, Eiguren-Fernandez A, Froines J. Redox activity of airborne particulate matter at different sites in the Los Angeles Basin. Environ Res. 2005;99:40–47. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2005.01.003.
    1. California Department of Public Health (CDPH) Smoking and alcohol use among women in the Maternal and Infant Health Assessment (MIHA) 2006 sample, by maternal characteristics. [accessed 16 November 2010]

Source: PubMed

Szponzorok és közreműködők

Egészségi állapot

Kábítószer-beavatkozások

3
Iratkozz fel