Durability of Olyset campaign nets distributed between 2009 and 2011 in eight districts of Tanzania

Dennis J Massue, Sarah J Moore, Zawadi D Mageni, Jason D Moore, John Bradley, Olivier Pigeon, Erasto J Maziba, Renata Mandike, Karen Kramer, William N Kisinza, Hans J Overgaard, Lena M Lorenz, Dennis J Massue, Sarah J Moore, Zawadi D Mageni, Jason D Moore, John Bradley, Olivier Pigeon, Erasto J Maziba, Renata Mandike, Karen Kramer, William N Kisinza, Hans J Overgaard, Lena M Lorenz

Abstract

Background: Long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) are the first line choice for malaria vector control in sub-Saharan Africa, with most countries adopting universal coverage campaigns. However, there is only limited information on LLIN durability under user conditions. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the durability of Olyset(®) LLINs distributed during campaigns between 2009 and 2011 in Tanzania.

Methods: A retrospective field survey was conducted in eight districts in Tanzania mainland to assess the durability of Olyset campaign nets. Household questionnaires were used to assess attrition, i.e. net loss. All nets remaining in households were collected. A sub-sample of 198 Olyset campaign nets was examined for bio-efficacy against Anopheles gambiae s.s. mosquitoes, permethrin content and physical integrity following standard World Health Organization (WHO) methods.

Results: Of 6067 campaign nets reported to have been received between 2009 and 2011, 35% (2145 nets) were no longer present. Most of those nets had been discarded (84%) mainly because they were too torn (94%). Of the 198 sub-sampled Olyset LLINs, 61% were still in serviceable physical condition sufficient to provide personal protection while 39% were in unserviceable physical condition according to WHO proportionate Hole Index (pHI). More than 96% (116/120) of nets in serviceable condition passed WHO bioefficacy criteria while all nets in unserviceable condition passed WHO bioefficacy criteria. Overall mean permethrin content was 16.5 g/kg (95% CI 16.2-16.9) with 78% of the sub-sampled nets retaining recommended permethrin content regardless of their age or physical condition. Nets aged 4 years and above had a mean permethrin content of 14 g/kg (95% CI 12.0-16.0). The only statistically significant predictor of reduced physical net integrity was rats in the house.

Conclusions: Two-to-four years after a mass campaign, only 39% of distributed nets remain both present and in serviceable physical condition, a functional survival considerably below WHO assumptions of 50% survival of a 'three-year' net. However, the majority of nets still retained substantial levels of permethrin and could still be bio-chemically useful against mosquitoes if their holes were repaired, adding evidence to the value of net care and repair campaigns.

Keywords: Attrition; Bio-efficacy; Chemical content; Durability; LLINs; Olyset; Physical integrity; Tanzania; Universal coverage campaign.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Geographical distribution of eight study districts representing five of eight geographical zones of Tanzania and covering variations in malaria epidemiology and ecology
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Attrition of Olyset campaign nets by age (month) and districts. The Figure shows the proportion of nets no longer present in the household in each district since initial distribution between 2009 and 2011

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