Dietary Triggers in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Is There a Role for Gluten?

Umberto Volta, Maria Ines Pinto-Sanchez, Elisa Boschetti, Giacomo Caio, Roberto De Giorgio, Elena F Verdu, Umberto Volta, Maria Ines Pinto-Sanchez, Elisa Boschetti, Giacomo Caio, Roberto De Giorgio, Elena F Verdu

Abstract

A tight link exists between dietary factors and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), one of the most common functional syndromes, characterized by abdominal pain/discomfort, bloating and alternating bowel habits. Amongst the variety of foods potentially evoking "food sensitivity", gluten and other wheat proteins including amylase trypsin inhibitors represent the culprits that recently have drawn the attention of the scientific community. Therefore, a newly emerging condition termed non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) or nonceliac wheat sensitivity (NCWS) is now well established in the clinical practice. Notably, patients with NCGS/NCWS have symptoms that mimic those present in IBS. The mechanisms by which gluten or other wheat proteins trigger symptoms are poorly understood and the lack of specific biomarkers hampers diagnosis of this condition. The present review aimed at providing an update to physicians and scientists regarding the following main topics: the experimental and clinical evidence on the role of gluten/wheat in IBS; how to diagnose patients with functional symptoms attributable to gluten/wheat sensitivity; the importance of double-blind placebo controlled cross-over trials as confirmatory assays of gluten/wheat sensitivity; and finally, dietary measures for gluten/wheat sensitive patients. The analysis of current evidence proposes that gluten/wheat sensitivity can indeed represent a subset of the broad spectrum of patients with a clinical presentation of IBS.

Keywords: Biomarkers; Dietary factors; Functional bowel disorder; Gluten; Wheat.

Figures

Figure
Figure
Putative mechanisms for symptom generation by wheat components. CD, celiac disease; FODMAPs, fermentable oligo-, di-, and mono-saccharides and polyols; ATIs, α-amylase/trypsin inhibitors; IBS, irritable bowel syndrome; GI, gastrointestinal; TLR-4, toll-like-receptor-4; NCWS, non-celiac wheat sensitivity; NCGS, non-celiac gluten sensitivity.

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