START NOW - a comprehensive skills training programme for female adolescents with oppositional defiant and conduct disorders: study protocol for a cluster-randomised controlled trial

Linda Kersten, Martin Prätzlich, Sandra Mannstadt, Katharina Ackermann, Gregor Kohls, Helena Oldenhof, Daniel Saure, Katrin Krieger, Beate Herpertz-Dahlmann, Arne Popma, Christine M Freitag, Robert L Trestman, Christina Stadler, Linda Kersten, Martin Prätzlich, Sandra Mannstadt, Katharina Ackermann, Gregor Kohls, Helena Oldenhof, Daniel Saure, Katrin Krieger, Beate Herpertz-Dahlmann, Arne Popma, Christine M Freitag, Robert L Trestman, Christina Stadler

Abstract

Background: In Europe, the number of females exhibiting oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD) is growing. Many of these females live in youth welfare institutions. Consequently, there is a great need for evidence-based interventions within youth welfare settings. A recently developed approach targeting the specific needs of girls with ODD and CD in residential care is START NOW. The aim of this group-based behavioural skills training programme is to specifically enhance emotional regulation capacities to enable females with CD or ODD to appropriately deal with daily-life demands. It is intended to enhance psychosocial adjustment and well-being as well as reduce oppositional and aggressive behaviour. We present the study protocol (version 4.1; 10 February 2016) of the FemNAT-CD intervention trial titled 'Group-Based Treatment of Adolescent Female Conduct Disorders: The Central Role of Emotion Regulation'.

Methods/design: The study is a prospective, confirmatory, cluster-randomised, parallel-group, multi-centre, randomised controlled trial with 128 institutionalised female adolescents who fulfil the diagnostic criteria of ODD and/or CD. Institutions/wards will be randomised either to provide the 12-week skills training as an add-on intervention or to provide treatment as usual. Once the first cycle is completed, each institution will run a second cycle with the opposite condition. Primary endpoints are the pre-post change in number of CD/ODD symptoms as assessed by a standardised, semi-structured psychiatric interview (Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime, CD/ODD section) between baseline and the end of intervention, as well as between baseline and a 3-month follow-up point. Secondary objectives include pre-post change in CD/ODD-related outcome measures, most notably emotional regulation on a behavioural and neurobiological level after completion of START NOW compared with treatment as usual.

Discussion: To our knowledge, this study is the first to date to systematically investigate the effectiveness of an adapted integrative psychosocial intervention designed for female adolescents with ODD and CD in youth welfare settings.

Trial registration: German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS) identifier: DRKS00007524 . Registered on 18 December 2015 and with the World Health Organisation International Clinical Trials Registry Platform.

Keywords: Adolescents; Conduct disorder; Emotion regulation; Females; Oppositional defiant disorder; Randomised controlled trial; Residential care; Skills training; Treatment.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Trial flowchart. TAU Treatment as usual
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials (SPIRIT) checklist for the trial. ANS Autonomic nervous system, ARI Affective Reactivity Index, BMSLSS Brief Multidimensional Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale, BSQ Burnout Screening Scale, CBCL Child Behaviour Checklist, CD Conduct disorder, CECA-Q Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse Questionnaire, CSQ Client Satisfaction Questionnaire, DERS Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, DIPD-IV Diagnostic Interview for DSM-IV Personality Disorders, EMA Ecological momentary assessment, fMRI Functional magnetic resonance imaging, GAS Goal Attainment Scaling, HR Heart rate, HRV Heart rate variability, ICU Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits, IQ Intelligence quotient, IQI Institutional Quality Index, K-SADS-PL Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children–Present and Lifetime, MOAS Modified Overt Aggression Scale, ODD Oppositional defiant disorder, QAF Quality Assurance Form, RSA Respiratory sinus arrhythmia, SCL Skin conductance level, SCR Skin conductance response, T1, T2, T3, T4 Time points 1, 2, 3 and 4, TAU Treatment as usual, TAU-Q Treatment as Usual Questionnaire, TSQ Training Satisfaction Questionnaire, WAIS Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, WISC-IV Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fourth Edition, YPI Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory, YSR Youth Self-Report

References

    1. Fernandez-Rivas A, Gonzalez-Torres MA. The economic crisis in Spain and its impact on the mental health of children and adolescents. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2013;22(9):583–6. doi: 10.1007/s00787-013-0465-z.
    1. American Psychiatric Association . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
    1. Fontaine N, Carbonneau R, Vitaro F, Barker ED, Tremblay RE. Research review: a critical review of studies on the developmental trajectories of antisocial behavior in females. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2009;50(4):363–85. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01949.x.
    1. Gelhorn HL, Sakai JT, Price RK, Crowley TJ. DSM-IV conduct disorder criteria as predictors of antisocial personality disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 2007;48(6):529–38. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2007.04.009.
    1. Cohen MA, Piquero AR. New evidence on the monetary value of saving a high risk youth. J Quant Criminol. 2009;25(1):25–49. doi: 10.1007/s10940-008-9057-3.
    1. Foster EM, Jones DE. The high costs of aggression: public expenditures resulting from conduct disorder. Am J Public Health. 2005;95(10):1767–72. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.061424.
    1. Berkout OV, Young JN, Gross AM. Mean girls and bad boys: recent research on gender differences in conduct disorder. Aggress Violent Behav. 2011;16(6):503–11. doi: 10.1016/j.avb.2011.06.001.
    1. Collishaw S, Maughan B, Goodman R, Pickles A. Time trends in adolescent mental health. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2004;45(8):1350–62. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00335.x.
    1. Keenan K, Loeber R, Green S. Conduct disorder in girls: a review of the literature. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 1999;2(1):3–19. doi: 10.1023/A:1021811307364.
    1. Maughan B, Rowe R, Messer J, Goodman R, Meltzer H. Conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder in a national sample: developmental epidemiology. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2004;45(3):609–21. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00250.x.
    1. Ravens-Sieberer U, Erhart M, Wille N, Bullinger M, BELLA study group Health-related quality of life in children and adolescents in Germany: results of the BELLA study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008;17(Suppl 1):148–56. doi: 10.1007/s00787-008-1016-x.
    1. Teplin LA, Abram KM, McClelland GM, Dulcan MK, Mericle AA. Psychiatric disorders in youth in juvenile detention. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002;59(12):1133–43. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.59.12.1133.
    1. Javdani S, Sadeh N, Verona E. Expanding our lens: female pathways to antisocial behavior in adolescence and adulthood. Clin Psychol Rev. 2011;31(8):1324–48. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2011.09.002.
    1. Stadler C, Kröger A, Clement HW, Grasmann D. Störungen des Sozialverhaltens: Wirksamkeit des intensivtherapeutischen Behandlungsansatzes VIA. Kindheit und Entwicklung. 2012;21(2):103–13. doi: 10.1026/0942-5403/a000076.
    1. Stadler C, Manetsch M, Vriends N. Dialektisch-behaviorale Behandlungsansätze bei aggressiven Verhaltensstörungen. Z Kinder Jugendpsychiatr Psychother. 2016;44(6):443–54. doi: 10.1024/1422-4917/a000478.
    1. Natioinal Collaborating Centre for Mental Health; Social Care Institute for Excellence . Antisocial behaviour and conduct disorders in children and young people: recognition, intervention and management. NICE Clinical Guidelines no. 158. Leicester: British Psychological Society and the Royal College of Psychiatrists; 2013.
    1. Weisz JR, Kazdin AE. Evidence-based psychotherapies for children and adolescents. 2. New York: Guilford Press; 2010.
    1. Sampl S, Trestman RL, Harrison J. START NOW workbook for female participants, version 2.1. Farmington, CT: UConn Health; 16 July 2010. . Accessed 22 Nov 2016.
    1. Shelton D, Wakai S. A process evaluation of START NOW skills training for inmates with impulsive and aggressive behaviors. J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc. 2011;17(2):148–57.
    1. Monti PM, Kadden RM, Rohsenow DJ, Cooney NL, Abrams DB. Treating alcohol dependence: a coping skills training guide. New York: Guilford Press; 2002.
    1. Morgan RD, Flora DB. Group psychotherapy with incarcerated offenders: a research synthesis. Group Dy. 2002;6(3):203–18. doi: 10.1037/1089-2699.6.3.203.
    1. Botvin GJ, Griffin KW. Life skills training: empirical findings and future directions. J Prim Prev. 2004;25(2):211–32. doi: 10.1023/B:JOPP.0000042391.58573.5b.
    1. Feindler EL, Ecton RB. Adolescent anger control: cognitive-behavioral techniques. New York: Pergamon Press; 1986.
    1. Glick B, Gibbs JC. Aggression replacement training: a comprehensive intervention for aggressive youth. 3. Champaign: Research Press; 2010.
    1. Lochman JE, Wells KC. Effectiveness of the Coping Power Program and of classroom intervention with aggressive children: outcomes at a 1-year follow-up. Behav Ther. 2003;34(4):493–515. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7894(03)80032-1.
    1. Stadler C, Grasmann D, Fegert JM, Holtmann M, Poustka F, Schmeck K. Heart rate and treatment effect in children with disruptive behavior disorders. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2008;39(3):299–309. doi: 10.1007/s10578-007-0089-y.
    1. Morgenstern J, Morgan TJ, McCrady BS, Keller DS, Carroll KM. Manual-guided cognitive-behavioral therapy training: A promising method for disseminating empirically supported substance abuse treatments to the practice community. Psychol Addict Behav. 2001;15(2):83–8. doi: 10.1037/0893-164X.15.2.83.
    1. Miller WR, Rollnick S. Motivational interviewing: preparing people for change. 2. New York: Guilford; 2002.
    1. Chambers JC, Eccleston L, Day A, Ward T, Howells K. Treatment readiness in violent offenders: the influence of cognitive factors on engagement in violence programs. Aggress Violent Behav. 2008;13(4):276–84. doi: 10.1016/j.avb.2008.04.003.
    1. Howells K, Day A. Affective determinants of treatment engagement in violent offenders. Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol. 2006;50(2):174–86. doi: 10.1177/0306624X05281336.
    1. Trupin EW, Stewart DG, Beach B, Boesky L. Effectiveness of a dialectical behaviour therapy program for incarcerated female juvenile offenders. Child Adolesc Mental Health. 2002;7(3):121–7. doi: 10.1111/1475-3588.00022.
    1. Sampl S, Trestman RT, Krauss WJ, Guiher J. START NOW facilitator manual, version 2.4. Farmington, CT: UConn Health Center; 24 November 2015. . Accessed 22 Nov 2016.
    1. Dennis M, Godley SH, Diamond G, Tims FM, Babor T, Donaldson J, et al. The Cannabis Youth Treatment (CYT) Study: main findings from two randomized trials. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2004;27(3):197–213. doi: 10.1016/j.jsat.2003.09.005.
    1. Diamond G, Godley SH, Liddle HA, Sampl S, Webb C, Tims FM, et al. Five outpatient treatment models for adolescent marijuana use: a description of the Cannabis Youth Treatment Interventions. Addiction. 2002;97(Suppl 1):70–83. doi: 10.1046/j.1360-0443.97.s01.3.x.
    1. Colby SM, Monti PM, Barnett NP, Rohsenow DJ, Weissman K, Spirito A, et al. Brief motivational interviewing in a hospital setting for adolescent smoking: a preliminary study. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1998;66(3):574–8. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.66.3.574.
    1. McCambridge J, Strang J. The efficacy of single‐session motivational interviewing in reducing drug consumption and perceptions of drug‐related risk and harm among young people: results from a multi‐site cluster randomized trial. Addiction. 2004;99(1):39–52. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00564.x.
    1. Berg-Smith SM, Stevens VJ, Brown KM, Van Horn L, Gernhofer N, Peters E, et al. A brief motivational intervention to improve dietary adherence in adolescents. Health Educ Res. 1999;14(3):399–410. doi: 10.1093/her/14.3.399.
    1. Neumark-Sztainer DR, Friend SE, Flattum CF, Hannan PJ, Story MT, Bauer KW, et al. New moves—preventing weight-related problems in adolescent girls: a group-randomized study. Am J Prev Med. 2010;39(5):421–32. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2010.07.017.
    1. Channon SJ, Huws-Thomas MV, Rollnick S, Hood K, Cannings-John RL, Rogers C, et al. A multicenter randomized controlled trial of motivational interviewing in teenagers with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(6):1390–5. doi: 10.2337/dc06-2260.
    1. Carroll KM, Ball SA, Nich C, Martino S, Frankforter TL, Farentinos C, et al. Motivational interviewing to improve treatment engagement and outcome in individuals seeking treatment for substance abuse: a multisite effectiveness study. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2006;81(3):301–12. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2005.08.002.
    1. Davis TM, Baer JS, Saxon AJ, Kivlahan DR. Brief motivational feedback improves post-incarceration treatment contact among veterans with substance use disorders. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2003;69(2):197–203. doi: 10.1016/S0376-8716(02)00317-4.
    1. Stein LA, Monti PM, Colby SM, Barnett NP, Golembeske C, Lebeau-Craven R, et al. Enhancing substance abuse treatment engagement in incarcerated adolescents. Psychol Serv. 2006;3(1):25–34. doi: 10.1037/1541-1559.3.1.0.
    1. Williams WH, Mewse AJ, Tonks J, Mills S, Burgess CN, Cordan G. Traumatic brain injury in a prison population: prevalence and risk for re-offending. Brain Inj. 2010;24(10):1184–8. doi: 10.3109/02699052.2010.495697.
    1. Fishbein D, Sheppard M, Hyde C, Hubal R, Newlin D, Serin R, et al. Deficits in behavioral inhibition predict treatment engagement in prison inmates. Law Hum Behav. 2009;33(5):419–35. doi: 10.1007/s10979-008-9163-7.
    1. Perron BE, Howard MO. Prevalence and correlates of traumatic brain injury among delinquent youths. Crim Behav Ment Health. 2008;18(4):243–55. doi: 10.1002/cbm.702.
    1. Hawley CA. Reported problems and their resolution following mild, moderate and severe traumatic brain injury amongst children and adolescents in the UK. Brain Inj. 2003;17(2):105–29. doi: 10.1080/0269905021000010131.
    1. Linehan MM. Cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder. New York: Guilford Press; 1993.
    1. Berzins LG, Trestman RL. The development and implementation of dialectical behavior therapy in forensic settings. Int J Forensic Mental Health. 2004;3(1):93–103. doi: 10.1080/14999013.2004.10471199.
    1. Quinn A, Shera W. Evidence-based practice in group work with incarcerated youth. Int J Law Psychiatry. 2009;32(5):288–93. doi: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2009.06.002.
    1. Lynch TR, Chapman AL, Rosenthal MZ, Kuo JR, Linehan MM. Mechanisms of change in dialectical behavior therapy: theoretical and empirical observations. J Clin Psychol. 2006;62(4):459–80. doi: 10.1002/jclp.20243.
    1. Grawe K. Allgemeine Psychotherapie. In: Senf W, Broda M, editors. Praxis der Psychotherapie: Ein integratives Lehrbuch. 2. Stuttgart, Germany: Thieme; 2000. pp. 314–25.
    1. Baer RA, editor. Mindfulness-based treatment approaches: clinician’s guide to evidence base and applications. 2. San Diego: Academic Press; 2014.
    1. McCann RA, Ball EM, Ivanoff A. DBT with an inpatient forensic population: the CMHIP forensic model. Cogn Behav Pract. 2000;7(4):447–56. doi: 10.1016/S1077-7229(00)80056-5.
    1. Nelson-Gray RO, Keane SP, Hurst RM, Mitchell JT, Warburton JB, Chok JT, et al. A modified DBT skills training program for oppositional defiant adolescents: promising preliminary findings. Behav Res Ther. 2006;44(12):1811–20. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2006.01.004.
    1. Trupin EW, Steward DG, Beach B, Boesky L. Effectiveness of a dialectical behavior therapy program for incarcerated female juvenile offenders. Child Adolesc Ment Health. 2002;7(3):121–7. doi: 10.1111/1475-3588.00022.
    1. Shelton D, Kesten K, Zhang W, Trestman R. Impact of a dialectic behavior therapy—corrections modified (DBT-CM) upon behaviorally challenged incarcerated male adolescents. J Child Adolesc Psychiatr Nurs. 2011;24(2):105–13. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6171.2011.00275.x.
    1. Napoli M, Krech PR, Holley LC. Mindfulness training for elementary school students: the attention academy. J Appl Sch Psychol. 2005;21(1):99–125. doi: 10.1300/J370v21n01_05.
    1. Bögels S, Hoogstad B, van Dun L, de Schutter S, Restifo K. Mindfulness training for adolescents with externalizing disorders and their parents. Behav Cogn Psychother. 2008;36(2):193–209. doi: 10.1017/S1352465808004190.
    1. Singh NN, Lancioni GE, Singh Joy SD, Winton ASW, Sabaawi M, Wahler RG, et al. Adolescents with conduct disorder can be mindful of their aggressive behavior. J Emot Behav Disord. 2007;15(1):56–63. doi: 10.1177/10634266070150010601.
    1. van de Weijer-Bergsma E, Formsma AR, de Bruin EI, Bögels SM. The effectiveness of mindfulness training on behavioral problems and attentional functioning in adolescents with ADHD. J Child Fam Stud. 2012;21(5):775–87. doi: 10.1007/s10826-011-9531-7.
    1. Ford JD, Cruz-St. Juste M. Trauma affect regulation: guide for education and therapy (TARGET-A/G version 2.1): 10-session experiential trauma-focused psychoeducational group therapy for adolescents. Farmington: University of Connecticut Health Center; 2006.
    1. van Vugt E, Lanctôt N, Paquette G, Collin-Vézina D, Lemieux A. Girls in residential care: from child maltreatment to trauma-related symptoms in emerging adulthood. Child Abuse Negl. 2014;38(1):114–22. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.10.015.
    1. Kersten L, Cislo AM, Lynch M, Shea K, Trestman RL. Evaluating START NOW: a skills-based psychotherapy for inmates of correctional systems. Psychiatr Serv. 2016;67(1):37–42. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.201400471.
    1. Cislo AM, Trestman RL. Psychiatric hospitalization after participation in START NOW. Psychiatr Serv. 2016;67(1):143. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.201500456.
    1. Stadler C, Kersten L, Prätzlich M. Störung des Sozialverhaltens mit fehlenden prosozialen Emotionen: Sind vorliegende Behandlungsprogramme weniger wirksam? PSYCH up2date. 2015;9(4):225–35.
    1. Blair RJ. The neurobiology of psychopathic traits in youths. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2013;14(11):786–99. doi: 10.1038/nrn3577.
    1. Bagner DM, Graziano PA, Jaccard J, Sheinkopf SJ, Vohr BR, Lester BM. An initial investigation of baseline respiratory sinus arrhythmia as a moderator of treatment outcome for young children born premature with externalizing behavior problems. Behav Ther. 2012;43(3):652–65. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2011.12.002.
    1. McRae K, Gross JJ, Weber J, Robertson ER, Sokol-Hessner P, Ray RD, et al. The development of emotion regulation: an fMRI study of cognitive reappraisal in children, adolescents and young adults. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2012;7(1):11–22. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsr093.
    1. Ochsner KN, Silvers JA, Buhle JT. Functional imaging studies of emotion regulation: a synthetic review and evolving model of the cognitive control of emotion. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2012;1251:E1–24. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06751.x.
    1. Ochsner KN, Ray RD, Cooper JC, Robertson ER, Chopra S, Gabrieli JD, et al. For better or for worse: neural systems supporting the cognitive down- and up-regulation of negative emotion. Neuroimage. 2004;23(2):483–99. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.06.030.
    1. Ochsner KN, Bunge SA, Gross JJ, Gabrieli JD. Rethinking feelings: an FMRI study of the cognitive regulation of emotion. J Cogn Neurosci. 2002;14(8):1215–29. doi: 10.1162/089892902760807212.
    1. Kaufman J, Birmaher B, Brent D, Rao U, Flynn C, Moreci P, et al. Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): initial reliability and validity data. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997;36(7):980–8. doi: 10.1097/00004583-199707000-00021.
    1. Delmo C, Weiffenbach O, Gabriel M, Stadler C, Poustka F. Kiddie-SADS-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) [German adaptation] Frankfurt: University of Frankfurt; 2000.
    1. Raine A, Dodge K, Loeber R, Gatzke-Kopp L, Lynam D, Reynolds C, et al. The Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire: differential correlates of reactive and proactive aggression in adolescent boys. Aggress Behav. 2006;32(2):159–71. doi: 10.1002/ab.20115.
    1. Rusby JC. Perpetration and Victimization of Relational Aggression Questionnaire, Self-Report. Eugene, OR: Oregon Research Institute; 2009.
    1. Arbeitsgruppe Deutsche Child Behaviour Checklist, Fragebogen für Jugendlichen. Deutsche Bearbeitung des Youth Self Report (YSR), Einführung und Anleitung zur Handauswertung. 2. Auflage mit deutschen Normen bearbeitet von Döpfner M, Plück J, Melchers P, Heim K. Cologne, Germany: Arbeitsgruppe Kinder-, Jugend- und Familiendiagnostik; 1998.
    1. Stringaris A, Goodman R, Ferdinando S, Razdan V, Muhrer E, Leibenluft E, et al. The Affective Reactivity Index: a concise irritability scale for clinical and research settings. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2012;53(11):1109–17. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02561.x.
    1. Andershed H, Kerr M, Stattin H, Levander S. Psychopathic traits in non-referred youths: initial test of a new assessment tool. In: Blaauw E, Sheridaan L, editors. Psychopaths: current international perspectives. The Hague, The Netherlands: Elsevier; 2002. pp. 131–58.
    1. Essau CA, Sasagawa S, Frick PJ. Callous-unemotional traits in a community sample of adolescents. Assessment. 2006;13(4):454–69. doi: 10.1177/1073191106287354.
    1. Yudofsky SC, Silver JM, Jackson W, Endicott J, Williams D. The Overt Aggression Scale for the objective rating of verbal and physical aggression. Am J Psychiatry. 1986;143(1):35–9. doi: 10.1176/ajp.143.1.35.
    1. Gratz KL, Roemer L. Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2004;26(1):41–54. doi: 10.1023/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94.
    1. McDougall J, King G. Goal attainment scaling: description, utility, and applications in pediatric therapy services. London, ON, Canada: Thames Valley Children’s Centre; 2007.
    1. Huebner ES, Drane W, Valois RF. Levels and demographic correlates of adolescent life satisfaction reports. Sch Psychol Int. 2000;21(3):281–92. doi: 10.1177/0143034300213005.
    1. Fengler J, Sanz A. Ausgebrannte Teams: Burnout-Prävention und Salutogenese. Stuttgart, Germany: Klett-Cotta; 2011.
    1. Hagemann W, Geuenich K. Burnout-Screening-Skalen (BOSS) Göttingen, Germany: Hogrefe; 2009.
    1. Schwarzer R, Schmitz G. Skala zur Lehrer-Selbstwirksamkeitserwartung: Skalen zur Erfassung von Lehrer-und Schülermerkmalen. Berlin: Freie Universität Berlin; 1999. pp. 60–1.
    1. Fengler J, Sanz A, editors. Ausgebrannte Teams: Burnout-Prävention und Salutogenese. Stuttgart, Germany: Klett-Cotta; 2011.
    1. Hagemann W, Geuenich K. Burnout-Screening-Skalen (BOSS) manual. Göttingen, Germany: Hogrefe; 2009.
    1. Grisso T, Barnum R. Massachusetts Youth Screening Instrument, version 2: MAYSI-2: user’s manual and technical report. Rev. Sarasota: Professional Resource Press; 2006.
    1. Petersen AC, Crockett L, Richards M, Boxer A. A self-report measure of pubertal status: reliability, validity, and initial norms. J Youth Adolesc. 1988;17(2):117–33. doi: 10.1007/BF01537962.
    1. Schwab-Stone M, Chen C, Greenberger E, Silver D, Lichtman J, Voyce C. No safe haven. II: The effects of violence exposure on urban youth. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1999;38(4):359–67. doi: 10.1097/00004583-199904000-00007.
    1. Petermann F, Petermann U. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV) 4. Frankfurt, Germany: Pearson Assessment and Information; 2011.
    1. Zanarini MC, Frankenburg FR, Sickel AE, Yong L. The Diagnostic Interview for DSM-IV Personality Disorders (DIPD-IV) Belmont, MA: McLean Hospital; 1996. p. 340.
    1. Bifulco A, Brown GW, Harris TO. Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse (CECA): a retrospective interview measure. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1994;35(8):1419–35. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1994.tb01284.x.
    1. Tottenham N, Hare TA, Casey BJ. Behavioral assessment of emotion discrimination, emotion regulation, and cognitive control in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Front Psychol. 2011;2:39. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00039.
    1. Newman JP, Schmitt WA. Passive avoidance in psychopathic offenders: a replication and extension. J Abnorm Psychol. 1998;107(3):527–32. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.107.3.527.
    1. Scarpa A, Haden SC, Tanaka A. Being hot-tempered: Autonomic, emotional, and behavioral distinctions between childhood reactive and proactive aggression. Biol Psychol. 2010;84(3):488–96. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2009.11.006.
    1. Wang D, Szyf M, Benkelfat C, Provençal N, Turecki G, Caramaschi D, et al. Peripheral SLC6A4 DNA methylation is associated with in vivo measures of human brain serotonin synthesis and childhood physical aggression. PLoS One. 2012;7(6):e39501. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039501.
    1. de Wied M, van Boxtel A, Matthys W, Meeus W. Verbal, facial and autonomic responses to empathy-eliciting film clips by disruptive male adolescents with high versus low callous-unemotional traits. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2012;40(2):211–23. doi: 10.1007/s10802-011-9557-8.
    1. Beauchaine TP, Gartner J, Hagen B. Comorbid depression and heart rate variability as predictors of aggressive and hyperactive symptom responsiveness during inpatient treatment of conduct-disordered, ADHD boys. Aggress Behav. 2000;26(6):425–41. doi: 10.1002/1098-2337(200011)26:6<425::AID-AB2>;2-I.
    1. Månsson KN, Frick A, Boraxbekk CJ, Marquand AF, Williams SC, Carlbring P, et al. Predicting long-term outcome of Internet-delivered cognitive behavior therapy for social anxiety disorder using fMRI and support vector machine learning. Transl Psychiatry. 2015;5:e530. doi: 10.1038/tp.2015.22.
    1. Hedeker D, Gibbons RD, Flay BR. Random-effects regression models for clustered data with an example from smoking prevention research. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1994;62(4):757–65. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.62.4.757.
    1. Lancaster GA, Campbell MJ, Eldridge S, Farrin A, Marchant M, Muller S, et al. Trials in primary care: statistical issues in the design, conduct and evaluation of complex interventions. Stat Methods Med Res. 2010;19(4):349–77. doi: 10.1177/0962280209359883.
    1. Hedges LV. Estimation of effect size from a series of independent experiments. Psychol Bull. 1982;92(2):490–9. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.92.2.490.
    1. Schmid M, Goldbeck L, Nuetzel J, Fegert JM. Prevalence of mental disorders among adolescents in German youth welfare institutions. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Ment Health. 2008;2(1):2. doi: 10.1186/1753-2000-2-2.
    1. Ford T, Vostanis P, Meltzer H, Goodman R. Psychiatric disorder among British children looked after by local authorities: comparison with children living in private households. Br J Psychiatry. 2007;190:319–25. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.106.025023.
    1. De Swart JJW, Van den Broek H, Stams GJJM, Asscher JJ, Van der Laan PH, Holsbrink-Engels GA, et al. The effectiveness of institutional youth care over the past three decades: a meta-analysis. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2012;34(9):1818–24. doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2012.05.015.
    1. Mohr DC, Spring B, Freedland KE, Beckner V, Arean P, Hollon SD, et al. The selection and design of control conditions for randomized controlled trials of psychological interventions. Psychother Psychosom. 2009;78(5):275–84. doi: 10.1159/000228248.

Source: PubMed

Szponzorok és közreműködők

Egészségi állapot

Kábítószer-beavatkozások

3
Iratkozz fel