Xylooligosaccharide supplementation alters gut bacteria in both healthy and prediabetic adults: a pilot study

Jieping Yang, Paula H Summanen, Susanne M Henning, Mark Hsu, Heiman Lam, Jianjun Huang, Chi-Hong Tseng, Scot E Dowd, Sydney M Finegold, David Heber, Zhaoping Li, Jieping Yang, Paula H Summanen, Susanne M Henning, Mark Hsu, Heiman Lam, Jianjun Huang, Chi-Hong Tseng, Scot E Dowd, Sydney M Finegold, David Heber, Zhaoping Li

Abstract

Background: It has been suggested that gut microbiota is altered in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) patients.

Objective: This study was to evaluate the effect of the prebiotic xylooligosaccharide (XOS) on the gut microbiota in both healthy and prediabetic (Pre-DM) subjects, as well as impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) in Pre-DM.

Subjects/methods: Pre-DM (n = 13) or healthy (n = 16) subjects were randomized to receive 2 g/day XOS or placebo for 8-weeks. In Pre-DM subjects, body composition and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was done at baseline and week 8. Stool from Pre-DM and healthy subjects at baseline and week 8 was analyzed for gut microbiota characterization using Illumina MiSeq sequencing.

Results: We identified 40 Pre-DM associated bacterial taxa. Among them, the abundance of the genera Enterorhabdus, Howardella, and Slackia was higher in Pre-DM. XOS significantly decreased or reversed the increase in abundance of Howardella, Enterorhabdus, and Slackia observed in healthy or Pre-DM subjects. Abundance of the species Blautia hydrogenotrophica was lower in pre-DM subjects, while XOS increased its abundance. In Pre-DM, XOS showed a tendency to reduce OGTT 2-h insulin levels (P = 0.13), but had no effect on body composition, HOMA-IR, serum glucose, triglyceride, satiety hormones, and TNFα.

Conclusion: This is the first clinical observation of modifications of the gut microbiota by XOS in both healthy and Pre-DM subjects in a pilot study. Prebiotic XOS may be beneficial in reversing changes in the gut microbiota during the development of diabetes.

Clinical trial registration: NCT01944904 (https://ichgcp.net/clinical-trials-registry/NCT01944904).

Keywords: diabetes; gut; microbiota; prediabetic; xylooligosaccharide.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Comparison of gut microbiota composition between healthy (n = 16) and Pre-DM (n = 13) subjects. (A) Pie charts depict mean abundance (% of total) of the indicated phyla. (B) Bar graph of genera shows significant differences in abundance between healthy and Pre-DM subjects. Values are presented as mean ± standard error (SE) *P ≤ 0.05.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Effects of XOS supplementation on gut microbiota in healthy subjects (n = 16). (A) Pie charts display the mean abundance of indicated phyla of healthy subjects receiving placebo (n = 9) and XOS (n = 7) at baseline and week 8. (B) Bar graph of genera shows significant difference in abundance between placebo and XOS groups. Values are presented as mean ± standard error (SE) *P ≤ 0.05.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Effects of XOS supplementation on gut microbiota in Pre-DM subjects (n = 13). (A) Pie charts display the mean abundance of indicated phyla of Pre-DM subjects receiving placebo (n = 6) and XOS (n = 7) at baseline and week 8. (B) Bar graph of genera shows significant difference in abundance between placebo and XOS groups. Values are presented as mean ± standard error (SE) *P ≤ 0.05.
Figure 4
Figure 4
XOS selectively regulated some of the Pre-DM associated bacterial taxa in healthy subjects (n = 16) or Pre-DM subjects (n = 13) during 8 weeks. The abundances of Pre-DM associated Howardella(A), Slackia(B), and Enterorhabdus(C) were greatly reduced by XOS in healthy and Pre-DM subjects, respectively. (D) The abundance of healthy associated Blautia hydrogenotrophica was enhanced by XOS in healthy and Pre-DM subjects. Values are presented as mean ± standard error (SE) *P ≤ 0.05.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Body weight (A), BMI (B), % Fat (C), and % Trunk fat (D) in Pre-DM subjects at baseline and after 8 weeks placebo (n = 6) or XOS (n = 7) treatment. Data are means ± standard errors (SE).
Figure 6
Figure 6
Mean of parameters with SE at baseline and 8 weeks were compared between placebo- (n = 6) and XOS-treated (n = 7) group in Pre-DM subjects during the 120-min OGTT test. (A) Serum Insulin. (B) Serum glucose. (C) HOMA-IR. (D) Serum active GLP-1. (E) Serum triglyceride. (F) Serum pancreatic polypeptides. (G) Serum leptin. (H) Serum TNF α. Values are presented as mean ± standard error (SE).

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