Enhanced Recovery After Hepatic Surgery (MultiPAS). (MultiPAS)

Preoperative consultation Information support conventional perioperative No bowel preparation

Day before surgery Normal diet until midnight No carbohydrate loading Premedication with anxiolytic

Operative day Conventional general anaesthesia Classic management perfused volumes Conventional use of drains at the operative site Standard nasogastric drainage Conventional analgesia protocol

Postoperative time Mobilization from J1 Progressive refeeding Progressive removal of venous, arterial and urinary catheters. Gradual recovery of the usual treatment from J1 Breathe physiotherapy depending on the clinical course No stimulation of intestinal transit

Preoperative consultation Specific information about the enhanced rehabilitation No bowel preparation Immunonutrition for the 7 preoperative days

Day before surgery Minimal preoperative fasting No premedication Carbohydrate loading

Operative day Optimized general anesthesia Reduced volumes perfused Limiting use of drains at the operative site Reduced doses of morphine Local anesthetic usage No standard use of nasogastric drainage

Postoperative time Stimulation mobilization from D0 Refeeding "on demand " from D0 Early removal of venous, arterial and urinary catheters. J1 recovery from the majority of the usual treatment Breathe physiotherapy from D0 to D5 Ileus prevention by chewing gum

The evaluation of time to functional recovery is scored once a day. A patient is fully functionally recovered when all of the following criteria are satisfied:

1. adequate pain control with oral analgesia: Post-operative pain is rated by the numeric rating scale. Nurses ask patients the intensity of their current pain on a scale of 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst possible pain). To satisfy this criterion, patient must rate their pain between 0 to 3 with only oral analgesics.
2. restoration of mobility to an independent level We decided to use the Groningen Activity Restriction Scale for rated the difference between preoperative and postoperative mobility level. To satisfy this criterion, patient must have the same score in postoperative.
3. absence of intravenous fluid administration for at least 24 hours.
4. ability to eat solid foods well tolerated for at least 24 hours to satisfy this criterion.
5. normal or decreasing serum bilirubin level and international normalised ratio.