Stimulatie om het geheugen te verbeteren (STIM)

The Multifactorial Memory Questionnaire (MMQ) consists of three scales measuring separate aspects of metamemory. Items are rated on a 5-point Likert scale (0-4) based on the test taker's experiences over the previous two weeks.

MMQ-Satisfaction (formerly called MMQ-Contentment) scale measures satisfaction, concern, and overall appraisal of one's own memory. Each of 18 statements is rated based on degree of agreement. The score range is 0 to 72, with higher scores indicating a higher degree of satisfaction.

Post Intervention data collection was on day 5 of treatment. Post-Expansion (PE) appointments were not consecutive. Mean time between enrollment and PE was 10 wks, longest was 43 wks.

Multifactorial Memory Questionnaire (MMQ) Ability Score - This scale measures self-perception of everyday memory ability. Respondents rate how often they experienced each of 20 common memory mistakes over the previous two weeks. The score range is 0 to 80, with higher scores indicating better self-reported memory ability.

Post Intervention data collection was on day 5 of treatment. Post-Expansion (PE) appointments were not consecutive. Mean time between enrollment and PE was 10 wks, longest was 43 wks.

Multifactorial Memory Questionnaire (MMQ) Strategies Score - This scale measures the use of practical memory strategies and aids in day-to-day life. Respondents rate how often they used each of 19 memory strategies over the previous two weeks. The score range is 0 to 76, with higher scores indicating greater use of memory strategies.

Post Intervention data collection was on day 5 of treatment. Post-Expansion (PE) appointments were not consecutive. Mean time between enrollment and PE was 10 wks, longest was 43 wks.

Cognitive function was determined using the NIH Toolbox-Cognition Battery computerized tests, specifically the Fluid composite score. It is derived by averaging the subtests in the Fluid domain to achieve an overall standard score. Fully Corrected T-scores are adjusted for for age, gender, race/ethnicity, and educational attainment. The score compares the score of the participant to those in the NIH Toolbox nationally representative normative sampling. The T-score has a mean of 50 in the general population and a SD of 10. Scores higher than the mean indicate better performance.

Post Intervention data collection was on day 5 of treatment. Post-Expansion (PE) appointments were not consecutive. Mean time between enrollment and PE was 10 wks, longest was 43 wks.

The n-back test is a working memory task where participants identify stimulus that matches stimulus experienced "n" steps back. Participants performed a 2-back test, in which they were asked to remember and press a button when shown a stimulus that appeared 2 steps before the current one (e.g. square, circle, square).

The number of correct and incorrect identifications are normalized (z-score). Total score is the z-score of correct button presses minus the z-score of incorrect button presses. A higher score (d') reflects better working memory performance. Possible scores range from -4.85 to 4.85. Positive change (increase) in 2-back score across treatment sessions indicates improvement in working memory performance. Data is shown as the mean slope calculation of participants across first 5 days of treatment and across all treatments, x=days of treatment, y=n-back score.

Post-Expansion (PE) appointments were not consecutive. Mean time between enrollment and PE was 10 wks.

Paired Associates task is a verbal memory task that asks participants to learn a list of word pairs. After a delay, participants are shown correct and mismatched word pairs one at a time and asked to identify if the displayed word pair was from the list they were asked to learn or not.

Total accuracy is a proportion (total correct responses divided by total trials completed) ranging from 0 to 1 that measures the accuracy of a participant's responses to both correct and mismatched word pairs. Higher scores indicate better verbal memory performance, and positive changes over time indicate an improvement in verbal memory performance, measured after baseline (Session 1) and every intervention session (Sessions 2-5)

Data is shown as the mean slope calculation of participants across first 5 days of treatment and across all treatments, x=days of treatment, y= total accuracy.

Post-Expansion (PE) appointments were not consecutive. Mean time between enrollment and PE was 10 wks.

The outcome focuses on default mode network (DMN) within-network functional connectivity. Within-network functional connectivity is estimated from fMRI data as strength of temporal coupling within DMN regions (nodes). For each participant and time point, correlation-based connectivity (Pearson r; Fisher r-to-z transformed; arbitrary units) was computed between DMN regions defined using a standard functional atlas. Higher values reflect stronger functional connectivity within DMN. A Z-score's range is infinite. Expected value is around -3 to 3. Analyses are conducted separately for amyloid negative (A-) and amyloid positive (A+) participants.

Post Intervention data collection was on day 5 of treatment. Post-Expansion (PE) appointments were not consecutive. Mean time between enrollment and PE was 10 wks, longest was 43 wks.

The Repeatable Battery of the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) is a comprehensive neuropsychological battery for the evaluation of global cognition and has been validated in subjects with mild cognitive impairment, moderate to severe traumatic brain injuries, vascular dementias, and Alzheimer's disease. Data was analyzed using the sum of the subtest raw scores, which is an indicator of the general cognitive functioning of the examinee. Low scores suggest general cognitive impairment even when some individual subtest scores may be within normal limits. Individuals with low scores on this measure exhibit problems with attention, memory, language, and construction skills. Possible scores range from 0 to 321.

Post Intervention data collection was on day 5 of treatment. Post-Expansion (PE) appointments were not consecutive. Mean time between enrollment and PE was 10 wks, longest was 43 wks.