The Unholy Trinity: Childhood Trauma, Adulthood Anxiety, and Long-Term Pain

Natalia Kascakova, Jana Furstova, Jozef Hasto, Andrea Madarasova Geckova, Peter Tavel, Natalia Kascakova, Jana Furstova, Jozef Hasto, Andrea Madarasova Geckova, Peter Tavel

Abstract

Background: Childhood trauma is considered to be a risk factor for developing anxiety as well as chronic pain. The aim of this study was to assess the association between childhood trauma and reporting anxiety and long-term pain conditions in the general and clinical populations.

Methods: Respondents from a representative sample in the Czech Republic (n = 1800, mean age: 46.6 years, 48.7% male) and patients with a clinically diagnosed anxiety or adjustment disorder (n = 67, mean age: 40.5 years, 18.0% male) were asked to report anxiety, various chronic and pain-related conditions, and childhood trauma (The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, CTQ) in a cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey conducted in 2016 and 2017.

Results: Reporting emotional abuse (Odds ratio OR from 2.14 to 14.71), emotional neglect (OR from 2.42 to 10.99), or physical neglect (OR from 2.24 to 3.30) was associated with reporting anxiety and long-term pain both in the general and clinical populations and reporting physical abuse moreover with reporting anxiety or adjustment disorder with concurrent long-term pain (OR from 4.04 to 6.39).

Conclusion: This study highlights the relevance of childhood trauma as a possible factor contributing to anxiety with concurrent pain conditions in adulthood in both the general and clinical populations.

Keywords: adulthood anxiety; anxiety disorder; childhood trauma; chronic pain condition; clinical sample; community sample.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Scheme of data selection for the purpose of the study analyses.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Prevalence of various childhood trauma types in the research groups. Note: Various types of childhood trauma as independent variables dichotomized according to Walker’s clinical cut-off scoring [48]. (A) Community sample reporting no chronic conditions (n = 405); (B) Community sample reporting other chronic conditions (n = 506); (C) Community sample reporting anxiety and pain (n = 91); (D) Clinical sample (respondents with a clinical diagnosis of anxiety or adjustment disorder who concurrently reported anxiety and some pain condition, n = 32). ap < 0.05 in comparison with group (A); bp < 0.05 in comparison with group (B); cp < 0.05 in comparison with group (C); Differences in occurrence of childhood trauma types between groups assessed by a test of proportions with Bonferroni correction.

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