Insulin translates unfavourable lifestyle into obesity

Hubert Kolb, Michael Stumvoll, Werner Kramer, Kerstin Kempf, Stephan Martin, Hubert Kolb, Michael Stumvoll, Werner Kramer, Kerstin Kempf, Stephan Martin

Abstract

Lifestyle factors conferring increased diabetes risk are associated with elevated basal insulin levels (hyperinsulinaemia). The latter predicts later obesity in children and adolescents.A causal role of hyperinsulinaemia for adipose tissue growth is probable because pharmacological reduction of insulin secretion lowers body weight in people who are obese. Genetic inactivation of insulin gene alleles in mice also lowers their systemic insulin levels and prevents or ameliorates high-fat diet-induced obesity. Hyperinsulinaemia causes weight gain because of a physiological property of insulin. Insulin levels that are on the high side of normal, or which are slightly elevated, are sufficient to suppress lipolysis and promote lipogenesis in adipocytes. The effect of insulin on glucose transport or hepatic glucose production requires six or two times higher hormone levels, respectively.It seems justified to suggest a lifestyle that avoids high insulin levels in order to limit anabolic fat tissue activity.

Keywords: Hyperinsulinaemia; Insulin; Lifestyle; Lipolysis; Obesity; Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Conflict of interest statement

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

SM has received non-restricted support to conduct trials of lifestyle change in people who have, or are at risk of, T2DM by Novartis, Boehringer Ingelheim, Almased Wellness, Nintendo of Europe, HMM Holding, Gesellschaft von Freunden und Förderern der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf. Sponsors played no role in writing this manuscript or the decision to submit it for publication.

HK, MS, WK and KK declare that they have no competing interests.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Prevention/remission of obesity by targeting insulin or insulin action. In people who are obese, lowering insulin secretion by treatment with the ß-cell KATP channel opener diazoxide, or the long-acting somatostatin analogue octreotide, caused significant weight loss compared with the control group
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Fasting insulin levels compared with EC50 values for lipolysis inhibition, glucose uptake induction or gluconeogenesis inhibition. Fasting insulin data are taken from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1986–1994 [71]. Numbers in rectangular boxes indicate mean insulin concentration for 50% effect (EC50) on the stimulation of peripheral glucose uptake, as determined in different studies of non-obese adults. Mean insulin EC50 values for lipolysis inhibition were taken from [, , –69, 113]; mean EC50 values for the stimulation of glucose uptake were taken from [64, 65, 67, 74, 75]; and mean EC50 values for the inhibition of gluconeogenesis were taken from [–65, 67, 74]

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Source: PubMed

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