Animal Protein versus Plant Protein in Supporting Lean Mass and Muscle Strength: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Meng Thiam Lim, Bernice Jiaqi Pan, Darel Wee Kiat Toh, Clarinda Nataria Sutanto, Jung Eun Kim, Meng Thiam Lim, Bernice Jiaqi Pan, Darel Wee Kiat Toh, Clarinda Nataria Sutanto, Jung Eun Kim

Abstract

Although animal protein is usually considered to be a more potent stimulator of muscle protein synthesis than plant protein, the effect of protein source on lean mass and muscle strength needs to be systematically reviewed. This study aimed to examine potential differences in the effect of animal vs. plant protein on lean mass and muscle strength, and the possible influence of resistance exercise training (RET) and age. The following databases were searched: PubMed, Embase, Scopus and CINAHL Plus with Full Text, and 3081 articles were screened. A total of 18 articles were selected for systematic review, of which, 16 were used for meta-analysis. Total protein intakes were generally above the recommended dietary allowance at the baseline and end of intervention. Results from the meta-analyses demonstrated that protein source did not affect changes in absolute lean mass or muscle strength. However, there was a favoring effect of animal protein on percent lean mass. RET had no influence on the results, while younger adults (<50 years) were found to gain absolute and percent lean mass with animal protein intake (weighted mean difference (WMD), 0.41 kg; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.08 to 0.74; WMD 0.50%; 95% CI 0.00 to 1.01). Collectively, animal protein tends to be more beneficial for lean mass than plant protein, especially in younger adults.

Keywords: body composition; muscle mass; muscular strength; protein source.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) flow chart of the literature selection process. 1-RM: one-repetition maximum.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Effect of consuming animal protein compared to plant protein on changes in absolute lean mass (kg) based on age group. Data expressed as weighted mean differences with 95% CIs, using a random-effects model.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Effect of consuming animal protein compared to plant protein on changes in percent lean mass (%) based on age group. Data expressed as weighted mean differences with 95% CIs, using a random-effects model.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Effect of consuming animal protein compared to plant protein on changes in 1-RM squat (kg). Data expressed as weighted mean differences with 95% CIs, using a random-effects model. 1-RM: one-repetition maximum.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Effect of consuming animal protein compared to plant protein on changes in peak torque of leg/knee extension (Nm) based on age group. Data expressed as weighted mean differences with 95% CIs, using a random-effects model. Nm: Newton meter.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Effect of consuming animal protein compared to plant protein on changes in peak torque of leg/knee flexion (Nm) based on age group. Data expressed as weighted mean differences with 95% CIs, using a random-effects model. Nm: Newton meter.

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