A preliminary study of movement intensity during a Go/No-Go task and its association with ADHD outcomes and symptom severity

Fenghua Li, Yi Zheng, Stephanie D Smith, Frederick Shic, Christina C Moore, Xixi Zheng, Yanjie Qi, Zhengkui Liu, James F Leckman, Fenghua Li, Yi Zheng, Stephanie D Smith, Frederick Shic, Christina C Moore, Xixi Zheng, Yanjie Qi, Zhengkui Liu, James F Leckman

Abstract

Objective: At present, there are no well-validated biomarkers for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The present study used an infrared motion tracking system to monitor and record the movement intensity of children and to determine its diagnostic precision for ADHD and its possible associations with ratings of ADHD symptom severity.

Methods: A Microsoft motion sensing camera recorded the movement of children during a modified Go/No-Go Task. Movement intensity measures extracted from these data included a composite measure of total movement intensity (TMI measure) and a movement intensity distribution (MID measure) measure across 15 frequency bands (FB measures). In phase 1 of the study, 30 children diagnosed with ADHD or at subthreshold for ADHD and 30 matched healthy controls were compared to determine if measures of movement intensity successfully distinguished children with ADHD from healthy control children. In phase 2, associations between measures of movement intensity and clinician-rated ADHD symptom severity (Clinical Global Impression Scale [CGI] and the ADHD-Rating Scale IV [ADHD-RS]) were examined in a subset of children with ADHD (n = 14) from the phase I sample.

Results: Both measures of movement intensity were able to distinguish children with ADHD from healthy controls. However, only the measures linked to the 15 pre-determined 1 Hz frequency bands were significantly correlated with both the CGI scores and ADHD-RS total scores.

Conclusions: Preliminary findings suggest that measures of movement intensity, particularly measures linked to the 10-11 and 12-13 Hz frequency bands, have the potential to become valid biomarkers for ADHD.

Keywords: ADHD; Biomarker; Frequency bands; Infrared motion tracking system; Microsoft Kinect; Movement intensity.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Physical layout for the study
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Phase 1: a Area under the curve (AUC) of the approximate total movement intensity; b AUC of the movement intensity distribution (MID) data for the 10–11 Hz frequency band; and c AUC of the MID for the 12–13 Hz frequency band

References

    1. Polanczyk G, de Lima MS, Horta BL, Biederman J, Rohde LA. The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review and metaregression analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164:942–948. doi: 10.1176/ajp.2007.164.6.942.
    1. American Psychiatric Association . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5. Arlington: (DSM-5): American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.
    1. Baum SM, Olenchak FR. The alphabet children: GT, ADHD, and more. Exceptionality. 2002;10(2):77–91. doi: 10.1207/S15327035EX1002_3.
    1. Sciutto M, Eisenberg M. Evaluating the evidence for and overdiagnosis of ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2007;11(2):106–113. doi: 10.1177/1087054707300094.
    1. Faedda G, Teicher M. Objective measures of activity and attention in the differential diagnosis of childhood psychiatric disorders. Essent Psychopharmacol. 2005;6(5):239–249.
    1. García Murillo L, Cortese S, Anderson D, Di Martino A, Castellanos FX. Locomotor activity measures in the diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: meta-analyses and new findings. J Neurosci Methods. 2015;252:14–26. doi: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.03.001.
    1. Heiser P, Frey J, Smidt J, Sommerlad C, Wehmeier PM, Hebebrand J, Remschmidt H. Objective measurement of hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention in children with hyperkinetic disorders before and after treatment with methylphenidate. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2004;13(2):100–104. doi: 10.1007/s00787-004-0365-3.
    1. Heiser P, Heinzel-Gutenbrunner M, Frey J, Smidt J, Grabarkiewicz J, Friedel S, Kuhnau W, Schmidtke J, Remschmidt H, Hebebrand J. Twin study on heritability of activity, attention, and impulsivity as assessed by objective measures. J Atten Disord. 2006;4(9):575–581. doi: 10.1177/1087054705284298.
    1. Teicher M. Actigraphy and motion analysis: new tools for psychiatry. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 1995;3(1):18–35. doi: 10.3109/10673229509017161.
    1. Teicher M, Anderson C, Polcari A, Gold C, Maas L, Renshaw P. Functional deficits in basal ganglia of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder shown with functional magnetic resonance imaging relaxometry. Nat Med. 2000;6:470–473. doi: 10.1038/74737.
    1. Teicher M, Polcari A, Anderson C, Andersen S, Lowen S, Navalta C. Rate dependency revisited: understanding the effects of methylphenidate in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2003;13(1):41–51. doi: 10.1089/104454603321666180.
    1. Teicher MH, Ito Y, Glod CA, Barber NI. Objective measurement of hyperactivity and attentional problems in ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1996;35(3):334–342. doi: 10.1097/00004583-199603000-00015.
    1. Wehmeier PM, Schacht A, Wolff C, Otto WR, Dittmann RW, Banaschewski T. Neuropsychological outcomes across the day in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder treated with atomoxetine: results from a placebo-controlled study using a computer-based continuous performance test combined with an infra-red motion-tracking device. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2011;5(21):4333–4444.
    1. Kühnhausen J, Dirk J, Schmiedek F. Individual classification of elementary school children’s physical activity: a time-efficient, group-based approach to reference measurements. Behav Res Methods. 2016. (Epub ahead of print).
    1. Kühnhausen J, Leonhardt A, Dirk J, Schmiedek F. Physical activity and affect in elementary school children’s daily lives. Front Psychol. 2013;22(4):456.
    1. Achenbach TM. Manual for the child behavior checklist/4-18 and 1991 profile. Burlington: Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont; 1991.
    1. Moore M. Behavioral sleep problems in children and adolescents. J Clin Psychol Med Settings. 2012;19(1):77–83. doi: 10.1007/s10880-011-9282-z.
    1. Wood AC, Asherson P, Rijsdijk F, et al. Is overactivity a core feature in ADHD? Familial and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of mechanically assessed activity level[J] J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009;48(10):1023–1030. doi: 10.1097/CHI.0b013e3181b54612.
    1. Martín-Martínez D, Casaseca-de-la-Higuera P, Alberola-López S, Andrés-de-Llano J, López-Villalobos JA, Ardura-Fernández J, Alberola-López C. Nonlinear analysis of actigraphic signals for the assessment of the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Med Eng Phys. 2012;34(9):1317–1329. doi: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2011.12.023.
    1. Tabori-Kraft J, Sorensen MJ, Kaergaard M, Dalsgaard S, Thomsen PH. Is OPTAx useful for monitoring the effect of stimulants on hyperactivity and inattention? A brief report. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007;16(5):347–351. doi: 10.1007/s00787-006-0571-2.
    1. Teicher MH, Polcari A, McGreenery CE. Utility of objective measures of activity and attention in the assessment of therapeutic response to stimulants in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2008;18(3):265–270. doi: 10.1089/cap.2007.0090.
    1. Aronson JK. Biomarkers and surrogate endpoints. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2005;59(5):491–494. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2005.02435.x.
    1. Atkinsons A, Colburn W, De Gruttola V, DeMets D, Downing G, Hoth D. Biomarkers and surrogate endpoints: preferred definitions and conceptual framework. Biomarker definition working group. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2001;69:89–95. doi: 10.1067/mcp.2001.113989.
    1. Smith S, Vitulano L, Katsovich, L, Li S, Moore C, Li F, Grantz H, Zheng X, Eicher V, Aktan S, Zheng Y, Sukhodolsky DG, Wexler BE, Leckman JF. A randomized controlled trial of an integrated brain, body, and social (IBBS) intervention for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Atten Disord. 2016. pii: 1087054716647490. (Epub ahead of print).
    1. Zhang S, Faries DE, Vowles M, Michelson D. ADHD rating scale IV: psychometric properties from a multinational study as clinician-administered instrument. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2005;14(4):186–201. doi: 10.1002/mpr.7.
    1. Adler LA, Spencer T, Faraone SV, Kessler RC, Howes MJ, Biederman J, Secnik K. Validity of pilot adult ADHD self-report scale (ASRS) to rate adult ADHD symptoms. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2006;18(3):145–148. doi: 10.1080/10401230600801077.
    1. Kemner JE, Starr HL, Ciccone PE, Hooper-Wood CG, Crockett RS. Outcomes of OROS® methylphenidate compared with atomoxetine in children with ADHD: a multicenter, randomized prospective study. Adv Ther. 2005;22(5):498–512. doi: 10.1007/BF02849870.
    1. Guy W. Clinical global impression (CGI). In: ECDEU Assessment manual for psychopharmacology. Rockville: NIMH Psychopharmacology Research Branch; 1976. p. 218–222.
    1. Brocki K, Tillman C, Bohlin G. CPT performance, motor activity, and continuous relations to ADHD symptom domains: a developmental study. Eur J Dev Psychol. 2010;7(2):178–197. doi: 10.1080/17405620801937764.
    1. Teicher MH, Lowen SB, Polcari A, Foley M, McGreenery CE. Novel strategy for the analysis of CPT data provides new insight into the effects of methylphenidate on attentional states in children with ADHD. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2004;14(2):219–232. doi: 10.1089/1044546041648995.
    1. Hervey AS, Epstein JN, Curry JF, Tonev S, Arnold E, Conners K, Hinshaw SP, Swanson JM, Hechtman L. Reaction time distribution analysis of neuropsychological performance in an ADHD sample. Child Neuropsychol. 2006;12(2):125–140. doi: 10.1080/09297040500499081.
    1. Wehmeier PM, Schacht A, Ulberstad F, Lehmann M, Schneider-Fresenius C, Lehmkuhl G, Dittman RW, Banaschewski T. Does atomoxetine improve executive function, inhibitory control, and hyperactivity?: Results from a placebo-controlled trial using quantitative measurement technology. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2012;32(5):653–660. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0b013e318267c304.
    1. Khoshelham K, Elberink SO. Accuracy and resolution of kinect depth data for indoor mapping applications. Sensors. 2012;12:1437–1454. doi: 10.3390/s120201437.
    1. Microsoft. Microsoft. Kinect. 2016. Accessed 4 Sep 2016.
    1. Gau SS, Chong MY, Yang P, Yen CF, Liang KY, Cheng AT. Psychiatric and psychosocial predictors of substance use disorders among adolescents: longitudinal study. Br J Psychiatry. 2007;190:42–48. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.106.022871.
    1. Gau SS, Huang YS, Soong WT, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial on once-daily atomoxetine in Taiwanese children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2007;17:447–460. doi: 10.1089/cap.2006.0091.
    1. Shuyong C, Bomin Y, Yunpeng G. The compendium of psychological experiment (in Chinese) Beijing: Beijing University Publishing Company; 1989. pp. 285–335.
    1. Nguyen CV, Izadi S, Lovell D. Modeling Kinect sensor noise for improved 3D reconstruction and tracking. In: 2012 second international conference on 3D imaging, modeling, processing, visualization and transmission. New York: IEEE; 2012. p. 524–30.
    1. Akobeng AK. Understanding diagnositic tests 3: receiver operating characteristic curves. Acta Paediatr. 2007;96(5):644–647. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2006.00178.x.
    1. Kofler MJ, Alderson RM, Raiker JS, Bolden J, Sarver DE, Rapport MD. Working memory and intraindividual variability as neurocognitive indicators in ADHD: examining competing model predictions. Neuropsychology. 2014;28(3):459. doi: 10.1037/neu0000050.
    1. Monden Y, Dan I, Nagashima M, Dan H, Uga M, Ikeda T, Tsuzuki D, Kyutoku Y, Gunji Y, Hirano D, Taniguchi T, Shimoizumi H, Watanabe E, Yamagata T. Individual classification of ADHD children by right prefrontal hemodynamic responses during a go/no-go task as assessed by fNIRS. Neuroimage Clin. 2015;9:1–12. doi: 10.1016/j.nicl.2015.06.011.
    1. Koolwijk I, Stein DS, Chan E, Powell C, Driscoll K, Barbaresi WJ. “Complex” attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, more norm than exception? Diagnoses and comorbidities in a developmental clinic. Dev Behav Pediatr. 2014;35(9):591–597. doi: 10.1097/DBP.0000000000000109.
    1. Hirschtritt ME, Lee PC, Pauls DL, Dion Y, Grados MA, Illmann C, King RA, Sandor P, McMahon WM, Lyon GJ, Cath DC, Kurlan R, Robertson MM, Osiecki L, Scharf JM, Mathews CA. Lifetime prevalence, age of risk, and genetic relationships of comorbid psychiatric disorders in tourette syndrome. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015;72(4):325–333. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.2650.
    1. Bansal R, Staib LH, Laine AF, Hao X, Xu D, Liu J, Weissman M, Peterson BS. Anatomical brain images alone can accurately diagnose chronic neuropsychiatric illnesses. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(12):e50698. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050698.
    1. Somandepalli K, Kelly C, Reiss PT, Zuo XN, Craddock RC, Yan CG, Petkova E, Castellanos FX, Milham MP, Di Martino A. Short-term test-retest reliability of resting state fMRI metrics in children with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2015;15:83–93. doi: 10.1016/j.dcn.2015.08.003.
    1. Lambek R, Tannock R, Dalsgaard S, et al. Executive dysfunction in school-age children with ADHD[J] J Atten Disord. 2011;15(8):646–655. doi: 10.1177/1087054710370935.

Source: PubMed

Sponsorer og samarbeidspartnere

Medisinsk tilstand

Legemiddelintervensjoner

3
Abonnere