Preterm birth-associated neurodevelopmental impairment estimates at regional and global levels for 2010

Hannah Blencowe, Anne C C Lee, Simon Cousens, Adil Bahalim, Rajesh Narwal, Nanbert Zhong, Doris Chou, Lale Say, Neena Modi, Joanne Katz, Theo Vos, Neil Marlow, Joy E Lawn, Hannah Blencowe, Anne C C Lee, Simon Cousens, Adil Bahalim, Rajesh Narwal, Nanbert Zhong, Doris Chou, Lale Say, Neena Modi, Joanne Katz, Theo Vos, Neil Marlow, Joy E Lawn

Abstract

Background: In 2010, there were an estimated 15 million preterm births worldwide (<37 wk gestation). Survivors are at risk of adverse outcomes, and burden estimation at global and regional levels is critical for priority setting.

Methods: Systematic reviews and meta-analyses were undertaken to estimate the risk of long-term neurodevelopmental impairment for surviving preterm babies according to the level of care. A compartmental model was used to estimate the number of impaired postneonatal survivors following preterm birth in 2010. A separate model (DisMod-MR) was used to estimate years lived with disability (YLDs) for the global burden of disease 2010 study. Disability adjusted life years (DALYs) were calculated as the sum of YLDs and years of life lost (YLLs).

Results: In 2010, there were an estimated 13 million preterm births who survived beyond the first month. Of these, 345,000 (2.7%, uncertainty range: 269,000-420,000) were estimated to have moderate or severe neurodevelopmental impairment, and a further 567,000 (4.4%, (445,000-732,000)) were estimated to have mild neurodevelopmental impairment. Many more have specific learning or behavioral impairments or reduced physical or mental health. Fewest data are available where the burden is heaviest. Preterm birth was responsible for 77 million DALYs, 3.1% of the global total, of which only 3 million were YLDs.

Conclusion: Most preterm births (>90%) survive without neurodevelopmental impairment. Developing effective means of prevention of preterm birth should be a longer term priority, but major burden reduction could be made immediately with improved coverage and quality of care. Improved newborn care would reduce mortality, especially in low-income countries and is likely to reduce impairment in survivors, particularly in middle-income settings.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Disease schema for sequelae of preterm birth.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Compartmental model: Parameters required and methods for estimation of the global burden of impairment related to preterm birth for the estimation of impairment after preterm birth.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Number of preterm births in 2010 for world region according to the sex of the baby. Males are shown in dark gray, females in light gray.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Meta-analysis of studies reporting moderate/severe impairment outcomes for babies born at less than 28 wk in countries with neonatal mortality rate (NMR)

Figure 5

Meta-analysis of studies reporting moderate/severe…

Figure 5

Meta-analysis of studies reporting moderate/severe impairment outcomes for babies born at 28–31 wk…

Figure 5
Meta-analysis of studies reporting moderate/severe impairment outcomes for babies born at 28–31 wk in countries with neonatal mortality rate (NMR)

Figure 6

Meta-analysis of studies reporting moderate/severe…

Figure 6

Meta-analysis of studies reporting moderate/severe impairment outcomes for babies born at less than…

Figure 6
Meta-analysis of studies reporting moderate/severe impairment outcomes for babies born at less than 32 wk in countries with neonatal mortality rate (NMR) ≥5 in 2000–2010.

Figure 7

Worldwide deaths and disability for…

Figure 7

Worldwide deaths and disability for babies born preterm in 2010.

Figure 7
Worldwide deaths and disability for babies born preterm in 2010.

Figure 8

Regional burden of mortality and…

Figure 8

Regional burden of mortality and impairment for 15 million preterm babies born in…

Figure 8
Regional burden of mortality and impairment for 15 million preterm babies born in 2010.
All figures (8)
Similar articles
Cited by
References
    1. Blencowe H, Cousens S, Oestergaard MZ, et al. National, regional, and worldwide estimates of preterm birth rates in the year 2010 with time trends since 1990 for selected countries: a systematic analysis and implications. Lancet. 2012;379:2162–72. - PubMed
    1. Liu L, Johnson HL, Cousens S, et al. Child Health Epidemiology Reference Group of WHO and UNICEF Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality: an updated systematic analysis for 2010 with time trends since 2000. Lancet. 2012;379:2151–61. - PubMed
    1. Lawn JE, Kerber K, Enweronu-Laryea C, Cousens S. 3.6 million neonatal deaths–what is progressing and what is not. Semin Perinatol. 2010;34:371–86. - PubMed
    1. Lawn JE, Cousens S, Zupan J. Lancet Neonatal Survival Steering Team 4 million neonatal deaths: When? Where? Why. Lancet. 2005;365:891–900. - PubMed
    1. March of Dimes, The Partnership for Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health, Save the Children, WHO Howson C, Kinney M, Lawn J.Born Too Soon: The Global Action Report on Preterm Birth Geneva, Switzerland; World Health Organization; 2012 . ( http://www.who.int/pmnch/media/news/2012/preterm_birth_report/en/index1.... )
Show all 103 references
MeSH terms
Related information
[x]
Cite
Copy Download .nbib
Format: AMA APA MLA NLM
Figure 5
Figure 5
Meta-analysis of studies reporting moderate/severe impairment outcomes for babies born at 28–31 wk in countries with neonatal mortality rate (NMR)

Figure 6

Meta-analysis of studies reporting moderate/severe…

Figure 6

Meta-analysis of studies reporting moderate/severe impairment outcomes for babies born at less than…

Figure 6
Meta-analysis of studies reporting moderate/severe impairment outcomes for babies born at less than 32 wk in countries with neonatal mortality rate (NMR) ≥5 in 2000–2010.

Figure 7

Worldwide deaths and disability for…

Figure 7

Worldwide deaths and disability for babies born preterm in 2010.

Figure 7
Worldwide deaths and disability for babies born preterm in 2010.

Figure 8

Regional burden of mortality and…

Figure 8

Regional burden of mortality and impairment for 15 million preterm babies born in…

Figure 8
Regional burden of mortality and impairment for 15 million preterm babies born in 2010.
All figures (8)
Figure 6
Figure 6
Meta-analysis of studies reporting moderate/severe impairment outcomes for babies born at less than 32 wk in countries with neonatal mortality rate (NMR) ≥5 in 2000–2010.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Worldwide deaths and disability for babies born preterm in 2010.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Regional burden of mortality and impairment for 15 million preterm babies born in 2010.

References

    1. Blencowe H, Cousens S, Oestergaard MZ, et al. National, regional, and worldwide estimates of preterm birth rates in the year 2010 with time trends since 1990 for selected countries: a systematic analysis and implications. Lancet. 2012;379:2162–72.
    1. Liu L, Johnson HL, Cousens S, et al. Child Health Epidemiology Reference Group of WHO and UNICEF Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality: an updated systematic analysis for 2010 with time trends since 2000. Lancet. 2012;379:2151–61.
    1. Lawn JE, Kerber K, Enweronu-Laryea C, Cousens S. 3.6 million neonatal deaths–what is progressing and what is not. Semin Perinatol. 2010;34:371–86.
    1. Lawn JE, Cousens S, Zupan J. Lancet Neonatal Survival Steering Team 4 million neonatal deaths: When? Where? Why. Lancet. 2005;365:891–900.
    1. March of Dimes, The Partnership for Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health, Save the Children, WHO Howson C, Kinney M, Lawn J.Born Too Soon: The Global Action Report on Preterm Birth Geneva, Switzerland; World Health Organization; 2012 . ( )
    1. Mwaniki MK, Atieno M, Lawn JE, Newton CR. Long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes after intrauterine and neonatal insults: a systematic review. Lancet. 2012;379:445–52.
    1. Leviton A, Fichorova RN, O'Shea TM, et al. ELGAN Study Investigators Two-hit model of brain damage in the very preterm newborn: small for gestational age and postnatal systemic inflammation. Pediatr Res. 2013;73:362–70.
    1. Blencowe H, Lawn JE, Vazquez T, Fielder A, Gilbert C.Preterm-associated visual impairment and estimates of retinopathy of prematurity at regional and global levels for 2010 Pediatr Res 2013. this issue).
    1. Lopez AD. Mathers CD. Ezzati M. Jamison DT. Murray CJL. Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors. Washington, DC; The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank Group; 2006.
    1. Murray CJ, Lopez AD. Global mortality, disability, and the contribution of risk factors: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet. 1997;349:1436–42.
    1. Murray CJ, Vos T, Lozano R, et al. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380:2197–223.
    1. Shibuya K, Murray CJL. Murray CJL, Lopez AD. The Global Burden of Disease: A Comprehensive Assessment of Mortality and Disability From Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors in 1990 and Projected to 2020. Cambridge, MA; Harvard University Press; 1996. Low birthweight.
    1. Blencowe H, Vos T, Lee AC, et al. Estimates of neonatal morbidities and disabilities at regional and global levels for 2010: introduction, methods overview, and relevant findings from the Global Burden of Disease study Pediatr Res 2013. this issue).
    1. World Health Organization WHO: recommended definitions, terminology and format for statistical tables related to the perinatal period and use of a new certificate for cause of perinatal deaths. Modifications recommended by FIGO as amended October 14, 1976. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1977;56:247–53.
    1. Blencowe H, Cousens S, Chou D, et al. Chapter 2: 15 million preterm births: Priorities for action based on national, regional and global estimates Howson C, Kinney M, Lawn J.Born Too Soon: The Global Action Report on Preterm Birth New York; March of Dimes, PMNCH, Save the Children, World Health Organization; 2012 . ( .)
    1. Murray CJ, Ezzati M, Flaxman AD, et al. GBD 2010: design, definitions, and metrics. Lancet. 2012;380:2063–6.
    1. United Nations Population Division World Population Prospects, 2010 . ( .)
    1. Stevenson DK, Verter J, Fanaroff AA, et al. Sex differences in outcomes of very low birthweight infants: the newborn male disadvantage. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2000;83:F182–5.
    1. Kent AL, Wright IM, Abdel-Latif ME. New South Wales and Australian Capital Territory Neonatal Intensive Care Units Audit Group Mortality and adverse neurologic outcomes are greater in preterm male infants. Pediatrics. 2012;129:124–31.
    1. Kim BI, Lee KS, Khoshnood B, Hsieh HL, Chen TJ, Mittendorf R. Impact of increased neonatal survival on postneonatal mortality in the United States. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 1996;10:423–31.
    1. Euro Peristat European Perinatal Health Report 2004, 2008 . ( )
    1. Katz J, Lee AC, Kozuki N, et al. CHERG Small-for-Gestational-Age-Preterm Birth Working Group Mortality risk in preterm and small-for-gestational-age-infants in low-income and middle-income countries: a pooled country analysis. Lancet. 2013;382:417–25.
    1. Belizán JM, McClure EM, Goudar SS, et al. Neonatal death in low- to middle-income countries: a global network study. Am J Perinatol. 2012;29:649–56.
    1. Carlo WA, Goudar SS, Jehan I, et al. First Breath Study Group High mortality rates for very low birth weight infants in developing countries despite training. Pediatrics. 2010;126:e1072–80.
    1. Verloove-Vanhorick SP, Veen S, Ens-Dokkum MH, Schreuder AM, Brand R, Ruys JH. Sex difference in disability and handicap at five years of age in children born at very short gestation. Pediatrics. 1994;93:576–9.
    1. van Kessel-Feddema B, Sondaar M, de Kleine M, Verhaak C, van Baar A. Concordance between school outcomes and developmental follow-up results of very preterm and/or low birth weight children at the age of 5 years. Eur J Pediatr. 2007;166:693–9.
    1. Talge NM, Holzman C, Wang J, Lucia V, Gardiner J, Breslau N. Late-preterm birth and its association with cognitive and socioemotional outcomes at 6 years of age. Pediatrics. 2010;126:1124–31.
    1. Moster D, Lie RT, Markestad T. Long-term medical and social consequences of preterm birth. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:262–73.
    1. Lindström K, Winbladh B, Haglund B, Hjern A. Preterm infants as young adults: a Swedish national cohort study. Pediatrics. 2007;120:70–7.
    1. Petrini JR, Dias T, McCormick MC, Massolo ML, Green NS, Escobar GJ. Increased risk of adverse neurological development for late preterm infants. J Pediatr. 2009;154:169–76.
    1. Marret S, Ancel PY, Marpeau L, et al. Epipage Study Group Neonatal and 5-year outcomes after birth at 30-34 weeks of gestation. Obstet Gynecol. 2007;110:72–80.
    1. Kerstjens JM, de Winter AF, Bocca-Tjeertes IF, Bos AF, Reijneveld SA. Risk of developmental delay increases exponentially as gestational age of preterm infants decreases: a cohort study at age 4 years. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2012;54:1096–101.
    1. Kerstjens JM, Bocca-Tjeertes IF, de Winter AF, Reijneveld SA, Bos AF. Neonatal morbidities and developmental delay in moderately preterm-born children. Pediatrics. 2012;130:e265–72.
    1. Salomon JA, Vos T, Hogan DR, et al. Common values in assessing health outcomes from disease and injury: disability weights measurement study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380:2129–43.
    1. Hagberg B, Hagberg G. The changing panorama of cerebral palsy–bilateral spastic forms in particular. Acta Paediatr Suppl. 1996;416:48–52.
    1. Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, et al. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380:2095–128.
    1. Quigley MA, Poulsen G, Boyle E, et al. Early term and late preterm birth are associated with poorer school performance at age 5 years: a cohort study. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2012;97:F167–73.
    1. Boyle EM, Poulsen G, Field DJ, et al. Effects of gestational age at birth on health outcomes at 3 and 5 years of age: population based cohort study. BMJ. 2012;344:e896.
    1. Marlow N. Rennie JM. Rennie and Robertson's Textbook of Neonatology (5E) Edinburgh, UK; Churchill Livingstone; 2012. Outcome following preterm birth; pp. 71–88.
    1. Marlow N. Full term; an artificial concept. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2012;97:F158–9.
    1. Mathiasen R, Hansen BM, Andersen AM, Forman JL, Greisen G. Gestational age and basic school achievements: a national follow-up study in Denmark. Pediatrics. 2010;126:e1553–61.
    1. MacKay DF, Smith GC, Dobbie R, Pell JP. Gestational age at delivery and special educational need: retrospective cohort study of 407,503 schoolchildren. PLoS Med. 2010;7:e1000289.
    1. Kinney HC. The near-term (late preterm) human brain and risk for periventricular leukomalacia: a review. Semin Perinatol. 2006;30:81–8.
    1. Gravett MG, Rubens CE, Nunes TM. GAPPS Review Group Global report on preterm birth and stillbirth (2 of 7): discovery science. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2010;10 Suppl 1:S2.
    1. Shapiro-Mendoza CK, Tomashek KM, Kotelchuck M, et al. Effect of late-preterm birth and maternal medical conditions on newborn morbidity risk. Pediatrics. 2008;121:e223–32.
    1. Escobar GJ, Clark RH, Greene JD. Short-term outcomes of infants born at 35 and 36 weeks gestation: we need to ask more questions. Semin Perinatol. 2006;30:28–33.
    1. Volpe JJ. Brain injury in premature infants: a complex amalgam of destructive and developmental disturbances. Lancet Neurol. 2009;8:110–24.
    1. Petrou S, Eddama O, Mangham L. A structured review of the recent literature on the economic consequences of preterm birth. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2011;96:F225–32.
    1. Berry JG, Poduri A, Bonkowsky JL, et al. Trends in resource utilization by children with neurological impairment in the United States inpatient health care system: a repeat cross-sectional study. PLoS Med. 2012;9:e1001158.
    1. Reid SM, Carlin JB, Reddihough DS. Rates of cerebral palsy in Victoria, Australia, 1970 to 2004: has there been a change. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2011;53:907–12.
    1. Lawn JE, Gravett MG, Nunes TM, Rubens CE, Stanton C. GAPPS Review Group Global report on preterm birth and stillbirth (1 of 7): definitions, description of the burden and opportunities to improve data. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2010;10 Suppl 1:S1.
    1. Lawn JE, Blencowe H, Pattinson R, et al. Lancet's Stillbirths Series steering committee Stillbirths: Where? When? Why? How to make the data count. Lancet. 2011;377:1448–63.
    1. Mathews TJ, MacDorman MF. Infant mortality statistics from the 2004 period linked birth/infant death data set. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2007;55:1–32.
    1. Black RE, Allen LH, Bhutta ZA, et al. Maternal and Child Undernutrition Study Group Maternal and child undernutrition: global and regional exposures and health consequences. Lancet. 2008;371:243–60.
    1. Aarnoudse-Moens CS, Weisglas-Kuperus N, van Goudoever JB, Oosterlaan J. Meta-analysis of neurobehavioral outcomes in very preterm and/or very low birth weight children. Pediatrics. 2009;124:717–28.
    1. Elgen SK, Leversen KT, Grundt JH, et al. Mental health at 5 years among children born extremely preterm: a national population-based study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2012;21:583–9.
    1. Johnson S, Marlow N. Preterm birth and childhood psychiatric disorders. Pediatr Res. 2011;69 5 Pt 2:11R–8R.
    1. Nosarti C, Reichenberg A, Murray RM, et al. Preterm birth and psychiatric disorders in young adult life. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012;69:E1–8.
    1. Botting N, Powls A, Cooke RW, Marlow N. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorders and other psychiatric outcomes in very low birthweight children at 12 years. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1997;38:931–41.
    1. Elgen I, Sommerfelt K, Markestad T. Population based, controlled study of behavioural problems and psychiatric disorders in low birthweight children at 11 years of age. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2002;87:F128–32.
    1. Hack M, Taylor HG, Schluchter M, Andreias L, Drotar D, Klein N. Behavioral outcomes of extremely low birth weight children at age 8 years. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2009;30:122–30.
    1. Indredavik MS, Vik T, Heyerdahl S, Kulseng S, Fayers P, Brubakk AM. Psychiatric symptoms and disorders in adolescents with low birth weight. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2004;89:F445–50.
    1. Johnson S, Hollis C, Kochhar P, Hennessy E, Wolke D, Marlow N. Psychiatric disorders in extremely preterm children: longitudinal finding at age 11 years in the EPICure study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2010;49:453–63.e1.
    1. Johnson S, Hollis C, Kochhar P, Hennessy E, Wolke D, Marlow N. Autism spectrum disorders in extremely preterm children. J Pediatr. 2010;156:525–31.e2.
    1. Pinto-Martin JA, Levy SE, Feldman JF, Lorenz JM, Paneth N, Whitaker AH. Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder in adolescents born weighing <2000 grams. Pediatrics. 2011;128:883–91.
    1. Szatmari P, Saigal S, Rosenbaum P, Campbell D, King S. Psychiatric disorders at five years among children with birthweights less than 1000g: a regional perspective. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1990;32:954–62.
    1. Whitaker AH, Van Rossem R, Feldman JF, et al. Psychiatric outcomes in low-birth-weight children at age 6 years: relation to neonatal cranial ultrasound abnormalities. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1997;54:847–56.
    1. Sømhovd MJ, Hansen BM, Brok J, Esbjørn BH, Greisen G. Anxiety in adolescents born preterm or with very low birthweight: a meta-analysis of case-control studies. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2012;54:988–94.
    1. Baron IS, Kerns KA, Müller U, Ahronovich MD, Litman FR. Executive functions in extremely low birth weight and late-preterm preschoolers: effects on working memory and response inhibition. Child Neuropsychol. 2012;18:586–99.
    1. de Jong M, Verhoeven M, van Baar AL. School outcome, cognitive functioning, and behaviour problems in moderate and late preterm children and adults: a review. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012;17:163–9.
    1. van Baar AL, Vermaas J, Knots E, de Kleine MJ, Soons P. Functioning at school age of moderately preterm children born at 32 to 36 weeks' gestational age. Pediatrics. 2009;124:251–7.
    1. Darlow BA, Horwood LJ, Wynn-Williams MB, Mogridge N, Austin NC. Admissions of all gestations to a regional neonatal unit versus controls: 2-year outcome. J Paediatr Child Health. 2009;45:187–93.
    1. Gray RF, Indurkhya A, McCormick MC. Prevalence, stability, and predictors of clinically significant behavior problems in low birth weight children at 3, 5, and 8 years of age. Pediatrics. 2004;114:736–43.
    1. Abitbol CL, Rodriguez MM. The long-term renal and cardiovascular consequences of prematurity. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2012;8:265–74.
    1. Rogers LK, Velten M. Maternal inflammation, growth retardation, and preterm birth: insights into adult cardiovascular disease. Life Sci. 2011;89:417–21.
    1. Doyle LW, Anderson PJ. Pulmonary and neurological follow-up of extremely preterm infants. Neonatology. 2010;97:388–94.
    1. Lum S, Kirkby J, Welsh L, Marlow N, Hennessy E, Stocks J. Nature and severity of lung function abnormalities in extremely pre-term children at 11 years of age. Eur Respir J. 2011;37:1199–207.
    1. Jobe AH, Bancalari E. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163:1723–9.
    1. Kotecha SJ, Dunstan FD, Kotecha S. Long term respiratory outcomes of late preterm-born infants. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012;17:77–81.
    1. Thomas EL, Parkinson JR, Hyde MJ, et al. Aberrant adiposity and ectopic lipid deposition characterize the adult phenotype of the preterm infant. Pediatr Res. 2011;70:507–12.
    1. Parkinson JR, Hyde MJ, Gale C, Santhakumaran S, Modi N. Preterm birth and the metabolic syndrome in adult life: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2013;131:e1240–63.
    1. Chang HH, Larson J, Blencowe H, et al. Born Too Soon preterm prevention analysis group Preventing preterm births: analysis of trends and potential reductions with interventions in 39 countries with very high human development index. Lancet. 2013;381:223–34.
    1. Platt MJ, Cans C, Johnson A, et al. Trends in cerebral palsy among infants of very low birthweight (<1500 g) or born prematurely (<32 weeks) in 16 European centres: a database study. Lancet. 2007;369:43–50.
    1. Moore T, Hennessy EM, Myles J, et al. Neurological and developmental outcome in extremely preterm children born in England in 1995 and 2006: the EPICure studies. BMJ. 2012;345:e7961.
    1. Lee KS, Kim BI, Khoshnood B, et al. Outcome of very low birth weight infants in industrialized countries: 1947-1987. Am J Epidemiol. 1995;141:1188–93.
    1. Costeloe K. EPICure Study Group EPICure: facts and figures: why preterm labour should be treated. BJOG. 2006;113:Suppl 3:10–2.
    1. Spinillo A, Montanari L, Gardella B, Roccio M, Stronati M, Fazzi E. Infant sex, obstetric risk factors, and 2-year neurodevelopmental outcome among preterm infants. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2009;51:518–25.
    1. Hadlock FP. Sonographic estimation of fetal age and weight. Radiol Clin North Am. 1990;28:39–50.
    1. Mikolajczyk RT, Zhang J, Betran AP, et al. A global reference for fetal-weight and birthweight percentiles. Lancet. 2011;377:1855–61.
    1. The fate of the baby under 1501 g at birth. Lancet. 1980;1:461–3.
    1. Goldenberg RL, Gravett MG, Iams J, et al. The preterm birth syndrome: issues to consider in creating a classification system. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2012;206:113–8.
    1. Smith L, Ulvund SE, Lindemann R. Very low birth weight infants (< 1501 g) at double risk. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1994;15:7–13.
    1. van den Berg G, van Eijsden M, Vrijkotte TG, Gemke RJ. Educational inequalities in perinatal outcomes: the mediating effect of smoking and environmental tobacco exposure. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e37002.
    1. Baron IS, Rey-Casserly C. Extremely preterm birth outcome: a review of four decades of cognitive research. Neuropsychol Rev. 2010;20:430–52.
    1. Saigal S, Doyle LW. An overview of mortality and sequelae of preterm birth from infancy to adulthood. Lancet. 2008;371:261–9.
    1. Aylward GP, Hatcher RP, Stripp B, Gustafson NF, Leavitt LA. Who goes and who stays: subject loss in a multicenter, longitudinal follow-up study. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1985;6:3–8.
    1. Tin W, Fritz S, Wariyar U, Hey E. Outcome of very preterm birth: children reviewed with ease at 2 years differ from those followed up with difficulty. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 1998;79:F83–7.
    1. Wariyar UK, Richmond S. Morbidity and preterm delivery: importance of 100% follow-up. Lancet. 1989;1:387–8.
    1. Wolke D, Ratschinski G, Ohrt B, Riegel K. The cognitive outcome of very preterm infants may be poorer than often reported: an empirical investigation of how methodological issues make a big difference. Eur J Pediatr. 1994;153:906–15.
    1. Lawn J, Davidge R, Paul V, et al. Preterm baby survival and care around the world Born Too Soon: The Global Action Report on Preterm Birth New York; March of Dimes, PMNCH, Save the Children, World Health Organization; 2012 . ( .)
    1. Dean S, Bhutta Z, Mason E, et al. Care before and between pregnancy Howson C, Kinney M, Lawn J.Born Too Soon: The Global Action Report on Preterm Birth New York; March of Dimes, PMNCH, Save the Children, World Health Organization; 2012 . ( .)
    1. Roberts D, Dalziel S. Antenatal corticosteroids for accelerating fetal lung maturation for women at risk of preterm birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;19:CD004454.
    1. Modi N, Clark H, Wolfe I, et al. writing group of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health Commission on Child Health Research A healthy nation: strengthening child health research in the UK. Lancet. 2013;381:73–87.

Source: PubMed

Sponsorer og samarbeidspartnere

Medisinsk tilstand

Legemiddelintervensjoner

3
Abonnere