Metabolic effects of aerobic training and resistance training in type 2 diabetic subjects: a randomized controlled trial (the RAED2 study)

Elisabetta Bacchi, Carlo Negri, Maria Elisabetta Zanolin, Chiara Milanese, Niccolò Faccioli, Maddalena Trombetta, Giacomo Zoppini, Antonio Cevese, Riccardo C Bonadonna, Federico Schena, Enzo Bonora, Massimo Lanza, Paolo Moghetti, Elisabetta Bacchi, Carlo Negri, Maria Elisabetta Zanolin, Chiara Milanese, Niccolò Faccioli, Maddalena Trombetta, Giacomo Zoppini, Antonio Cevese, Riccardo C Bonadonna, Federico Schena, Enzo Bonora, Massimo Lanza, Paolo Moghetti

Abstract

Objective: To assess differences between the effects of aerobic and resistance training on HbA(1c) (primary outcome) and several metabolic risk factors in subjects with type 2 diabetes, and to identify predictors of exercise-induced metabolic improvement.

Research design and methods: Type 2 diabetic patients (n = 40) were randomly assigned to aerobic training or resistance training. Before and after 4 months of intervention, metabolic phenotypes (including HbA(1c), glucose clamp-measured insulin sensitivity, and oral glucose tolerance test-assessed β-cell function), body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous (SAT) adipose tissue by magnetic resonance imaging, cardiorespiratory fitness, and muscular strength were measured.

Results: After training, increase in peak oxygen consumption (V(O(2peak))) was greater in the aerobic group (time-by-group interaction P = 0.045), whereas increase in strength was greater in the resistance group (time-by-group interaction P < 0.0001). HbA(1c) was similarly reduced in both groups (-0.40% [95% CI -0.61 to -0.18] vs. -0.35% [-0.59 to -0.10], respectively). Total and truncal fat, VAT, and SAT were also similarly reduced in both groups, whereas insulin sensitivity and lean limb mass were similarly increased. β-Cell function showed no significant changes. In multivariate analyses, improvement in HbA(1c) after training was independently predicted by baseline HbA(1c) and by changes in V(O(2peak)) and truncal fat.

Conclusions: Resistance training, similarly to aerobic training, improves metabolic features and insulin sensitivity and reduces abdominal fat in type 2 diabetic patients. Changes after training in V(O(2peak)) and truncal fat may be primary determinants of exercise-induced metabolic improvement.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01182948.

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