Web-based tailored intervention for preparation of parents and children for outpatient surgery (WebTIPS): formative evaluation and randomized controlled trial

Abstract

Background: The purpose of this 2-phase project was to conduct a formative evaluation and to test the preliminary efficacy of a newly developed Web-based Tailored Intervention for Preparation of parents and children undergoing Surgery (WebTIPS).

Methods: Phase 1 enrolled 13 children 2 to 7 years of age undergoing outpatient elective surgery and their parents for formative evaluation of WebTIPS. Parent participation focus groups are common in qualitative research and are a method of asking research participants about their perceptions and attitudes regarding a product or concept. In phase 2, children 2 to 7 years of age in 2 medical centers were assigned randomly to receive the WebTIPS program (n = 38) compared with children receiving the standard of care (n = 44). The primary outcome of phase II was child and parent preoperative anxiety.

Results: In phase 2, parents reported WebTIPS to be both helpful (P < 0.001) and easy to use (P < 0.001). In phase 2, children in the WebTIPS group (36.2 ± 14.1) were less anxious than children in the standard of care group (46.0 ± 19.0) at entrance to the operating room (P = 0.02; Cohen d = 0.59) and introduction of the anesthesia mask (43.5 ± 21.7 vs 57.0 ± 21.2, respectively, P = 0.01; Cohen d = 0.63). Parents in the WebTIPS group (32.1 ± 7.4) also experienced less anxiety compared with parents in the control group (36.8 ± 7.1) in the preoperative holding area (P = 0.004; Cohen d = 0.65).

Conclusions: WebTIPS was well received by parents and children and led to reductions in preoperative anxiety.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1

Consort Flow Diagram illustrating progress through the phases of the randomized trial, including enrollment, intervention allocation, follow-up, and data analysis. WebTIPS = Web-based Tailored Intervention for Preparation of parents and children undergoing Surgery

Figure 2

Illustration of the significant interaction of time and experimental group on children’s anxiety across the preoperative period. mYPAS = mYPAS = modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale; OR = operating room; WebTIPS = Web-based Tailored Intervention for Preparation of parents and children undergoing Surgery