Non-medical use of prescription drugs by young men: impact of potentially traumatic events and of social-environmental stressors

Ansgar Rougemont-Bücking, Véronique S Grazioli, Simon Marmet, Jean-Bernard Daeppen, Mélissa Lemoine, Gerhard Gmel, Joseph Studer, Ansgar Rougemont-Bücking, Véronique S Grazioli, Simon Marmet, Jean-Bernard Daeppen, Mélissa Lemoine, Gerhard Gmel, Joseph Studer

Abstract

Background: Non-medical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD) is an increasing phenomenon associated with physical and psychological consequences. This study investigated the effects of distinct forms of stress on NMUPD. Methods: Data from 5308 young adult men from the Swiss cohort study on substance use risk factors (C-SURF) were analysed regarding NMUPD of sleeping pills, tranquilizers, opioid analgesics, psychostimulants, and antidepressants. Various forms of stress (discrete, potentially traumatic events, recent and long-lasting social-environmental stressors) during the period preceding the NMUPD assessment were measured. Backward log-binomial regression was performed and risk ratios (RR) were calculated. Results: NMUPD was significantly associated with the cumulative number of potentially traumatic events (e.g. for opioid analgesics, RR = 1.92, p < .001), with problems within the family (e.g. for sleeping pills, RR = 2.45, p < .001), and the peer group (e.g. for tranquilizer use, RR = 2.34, p < .01). Factors describing family functioning in childhood showed very few significant associations. Sexual assault by acquaintances was associated only with use of sleeping pills (RR = 2.91, p p <.01); physical assault by acquaintances was not associated with NMUPD. Physical (e.g. for psychostimulants, RR = 2.01, p < .001) or sexual assaults (e.g. for antidepressants, RR = 4.64, p < .001) perpetrated outside the family context did show associations with several drug categories. Conclusion: NMUPD appears to be more consistently associated with discrete and potentially traumatic events and with recent social-environmental stressors than with long-lasting stressors due to family functioning during childhood and youth. Physical and sexual assaults perpetrated by strangers showed more associations with NMUPD than those perpetrated by a family member.

Keywords: Non-medical use of prescription drugs; family functioning; neglect; parental monitoring; peer influence; physical assault; sexual assault; traumatic stress; • This study tested the associations between various forms of stress on non-medical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD) by young men in Switzerland.• NMUPD was highly associated with the number of potentially traumatic events young men were confronted with earlier in life, as well as with having recently had problems with family or friends.• Measures describing family functioning, such as a lack of parental support or monitoring, showed almost no associations with NMUPD.• Physical and sexual assaults showed more associations with NMUPD when perpetrated by strangers than when perpetrated by acquaintances..

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