Modern Concepts in Regenerative Therapy for Ischemic Stroke: From Stem Cells for Promoting Angiogenesis to 3D-Bioprinted Scaffolds Customized via Carotid Shear Stress Analysis

Annabella Benedek, Daniel Cernica, Andras Mester, Diana Opincariu, Roxana Hodas, Ioana Rodean, Johanna Keri, Theodora Benedek, Annabella Benedek, Daniel Cernica, Andras Mester, Diana Opincariu, Roxana Hodas, Ioana Rodean, Johanna Keri, Theodora Benedek

Abstract

Ischemic stroke is associated with a tremendous economic and societal burden, and only a few therapies are currently available for the treatment of this devastating disease. The main therapeutic approaches used nowadays for the treatment of ischemic brain injury aim to achieve reperfusion, neuroprotection and neurorecovery. Therapeutic angiogenesis also seems to represent a promising tool to improve the prognosis of cerebral ischemia. This review aims to present the modern concepts and the current status of regenerative therapy for ischemic stroke and discuss the main results of major clinical trials addressing the effectiveness of stem cell therapy for achieving neuroregeneration in ischemic stroke. At the same time, as a glimpse into the future, this article describes modern concepts for stroke prevention, such as the implantation of bioprinted scaffolds seeded with stem cells, whose 3D geometry is customized according to carotid shear stress.

Keywords: 3D-bioprinted scaffolds; endothelial shear stress; ischemic stroke; neuroprotection; neuroregeneration; regenerative therapy; stem cells.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Stem cell therapy in ischemic stroke: (a) Vulnerable carotid artery plaque with altered endothelial shear stress (ESS) resulting in ischemic stroke; (b) 3D scaffold providing plaque stabilization, the correction of carotid stenosis and ESS with simultaneous neuroprotection and neuroregeneration at the level of the ischemic brain.

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