Prevalence and risk factors associated with allergic rhinitis in Mexican school children: Global Asthma Network Phase I

Roberto García-Almaraz, Nayely Reyes-Noriega, Blanca Estela Del-Río-Navarro, Arturo Berber, Elsy Maureen Navarrete-Rodríguez, Philippa Ellwood, Luis García Marcos Álvarez, GAN Phase I group, Valente Juan Mérida Palacio, Beatriz Del Carmen Ramos García, Alberto José Escalante Domínguez, Francisco Javier Linares Zapién, Leonardo Gardea Moreno, Georgina Guadalupe Ochoa López, Luis Octavio Hernández Mondragón, José Santos Lozano Sáenz, José Antonio Sacre Hazouri, Ma de Los Ángeles Juan Pineda, Ma Guadalupe Sánchez Coronel, Noel Rodríguez Pérez, María de Jesús Ambriz Moreno, Jaime Mariano Del Río Chivardi, Omar Josué Saucedo Ramírez, Roberto García-Almaraz, Nayely Reyes-Noriega, Blanca Estela Del-Río-Navarro, Arturo Berber, Elsy Maureen Navarrete-Rodríguez, Philippa Ellwood, Luis García Marcos Álvarez, GAN Phase I group, Valente Juan Mérida Palacio, Beatriz Del Carmen Ramos García, Alberto José Escalante Domínguez, Francisco Javier Linares Zapién, Leonardo Gardea Moreno, Georgina Guadalupe Ochoa López, Luis Octavio Hernández Mondragón, José Santos Lozano Sáenz, José Antonio Sacre Hazouri, Ma de Los Ángeles Juan Pineda, Ma Guadalupe Sánchez Coronel, Noel Rodríguez Pérez, María de Jesús Ambriz Moreno, Jaime Mariano Del Río Chivardi, Omar Josué Saucedo Ramírez

Abstract

Background: The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) showed a wide variability in prevalence and severity of allergic rhinitis (AR) and rhinoconjunctivitis (ARC), in addition to other atopic diseases (Asher et al, 2006).1 The Global Asthma Network (GAN) has continued to study these conditions.

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of AR and ARC in children and adolescents in Mexico and to assess their association with different risk factors.

Methods: GAN Phase I is a cross-sectional, multicentre survey carried out in 15 centres corresponding to 14 Mexican cities throughout 2016-2019 using the validated Spanish language version of the GAN Phase I questionnaires. The questionnaires were completed by 35 780 parents of 6-7 year old primary school pupils (children) and by 41 399 adolescents, 13-14 years old.

Results: The current and cumulative prevalence of AR was higher in the adolescents (26.2-37.5%, respectively) in comparison to the children (17.9-24.9%, respectively), especially in female participants. This tendency was also observed in the current prevalence of ARC, where 15.1% of female adolescents reported nasal symptoms accompanied with itchy-watery eyes in the past year. The most important risk factors for AR and ARC were the presence of wheezing in the past 12 months, wheezing in the first year of life, the previous diagnosis of asthma and eczema symptoms. Furthermore, allergic symptoms had a negative tendency concerning altitude.

Conclusion: This is the largest AR epidemiological study ever conducted in Mexico. It shows an increase in AR prevalence, as well as significant associations with modifiable risk factors, which could help to establish recommendations to reduce the burden of this condition.

Keywords: AR, Allergic rhinitis; ARC, Allergic rhino conjunctivitis; Allergic rhinitis; GAN; GAN, Global asthma network; ISAAC, International study of asthma and allergies in childhood; Prevalence; Rhinoconjunctivitis; Risk factors.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest in relation to the methods or materials employed in this study.

© 2020 The Author(s).

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Scatter plot of prevalence values of allergic rhinitis (AR) by centre in female school children (6–7 years), according to their altitude (from the lowest to the highest)
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Scatter plot of prevalence values of rhinoconjunctivitis (ARC) by centre in female adolescents (13–14 years) according to their altitude (from the lowest to the highest)

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