Measuring frailty using claims data for pharmacoepidemiologic studies of mortality in older adults: evidence and recommendations

Abstract

Purpose: Geriatric frailty is a common syndrome of older adults that is characterized by increased vulnerability to adverse health outcomes and influences treatment choice. Pharmacoepidemiologic studies that rely on administrative claims data in older adults are limited by confounding due to unmeasured frailty. A claims-based frailty score may be useful to minimize confounding by frailty in such databases. We provide an overview of definitions and measurement of frailty, evaluated the claims-based models of frailty in literature, and recommend ways to improve frailty adjustment in claims analysis.

Methods: We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE from inception to April 2014, without language restriction, to identify claims-based multivariable models that predicted frailty or its related outcome, disability. We critically appraised their approach, including population, predictor selection, outcome definition, and model performance.

Results: Of 152 reports, three models were identified. One model that predicted poor functional status using healthcare service claims in a representative sample of community-dwelling and institutionalized older adults showed an excellent discrimination (C statistic, 0.92). The other two models that predicted disability using either diagnosis codes or prescription claims alone in institutionalized or frail adults had limited generalizability and modest model performance. None of the models have been applied to reduce confounding bias in pharmacoepidemiologic studies of drug therapy.

Conclusions: We found little research conducted on development and application of a claims-based frailty index for confounding adjustment in pharmacoepidemiologic studies in older adults. More research is needed to advance this innovative, potentially useful approach by incorporating the expertise from aging research.

Keywords: administrative claims database; frailty; pharmacoepidemiology; prediction.

Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of Interest: Dr. Kim has no disclosure. Dr. Schneeweiss is a consultant to WHISCON, LLC and to Aetion, Inc., a software manufacturer of which he owns shares. He is principal investigator of investigator-initiated grants to the Brigham and Women’s Hospital from Novartis and Boehringer-Ingelheim unrelated to the topic of this study.

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Figures

Figure. The Relationship Among Frailty, Comorbidity, and Disability in the Cardiovascular Health Study (Reprinted with permission)

Percents listed indicate the proportion among those who were frail (n = 368), who had comorbidity and/or disability, or neither. Total represented: 2,762 participants who had comorbidity and/or disability and/or frailty. n of each subgroup indicated in parentheses. +Frail: overall n = 368 frail participants. *Comorbidity: overall n = 2,576 with 2 or more out of the following 9 diseases: myocardial infarction, angina, congestive heart failure, claudication, arthritis, cancer, diabetes, hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Of these, 249 were also frail. **Disabled: overall n = 363 with an ADL disability; of these, 100 were frail.