Dietary macronutrients do not differently affect postprandial vascular endothelial function in apparently healthy overweight and slightly obese men

Ellen T H C Smeets, Ronald P Mensink, Peter J Joris, Ellen T H C Smeets, Ronald P Mensink, Peter J Joris

Abstract

Purpose: Well-designed trials comparing side-by-side effects of macronutrients on postprandial endothelial function are missing. Therefore, we investigated under well-controlled and isocaloric condition effects of fat, carbohydrates, and protein on postprandial endothelial function as assessed by brachial artery flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD), an important non-invasive technique to assess endothelial function.

Methods: Eighteen apparently healthy overweight and slightly obese men (BMI 26.0-35.0 kg/m2) completed this randomized, double-blinded, cross-over trial. The study consisted of three test days each separated by a wash-out period of at least 1 week. After an overnight fast, men received an isocaloric meal providing 3987 kJ (953 kcal) that was either high in dietary fat (En% fat [F]/carbohydrates [C]/protein [P]: 52.3, 39.2, 8.0), carbohydrates (En% F/C/P: 9.6, 81.5, 8.6), or protein (En% F/C/P: 10.6, 51.5, 36.9). Fasting and 2-h postprandial FMD responses were measured.

Results: A postprandial decrease of 1.2% point in FMD was observed after the high-protein meal (P = 0.015). However, postprandial changes did not differ between meals (P = 0.45). An increase in baseline brachial artery diameters was observed after the high-protein meal (P < 0.001) and changes differed between meals (P = 0.020). A meal*time interaction was found for plasma glucose concentrations, with the most pronounced increases after the high-carbohydrate meal at T15, T30, T60, and T90 (P < 0.05). A significant time and meal (P < 0.001), but no time*meal effect (P = 0.06) was found for serum insulin concentrations. Increases in serum triacylglycerol concentrations did not differ between meals (P = 0.014).

Conclusion: Macronutrients did not differently affect postprandial endothelial function in apparently healthy overweight and slightly obese men.

Trial registration: Trial registration number (ClinicalTrials.gov) NCT03139890 in May 2017.

Keywords: Dietary macronutrients; Endothelial function; Flow-mediated vasodilation; Nitric oxide; Postprandial.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Mean flow-mediated vasodilatation (± SEM) before and after the high-fat, high-carbohydrate and high-protein meals (n = 18). * Significantly different from fasting values, P < 0.05 (paired Student’s t test)
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
a–d Mean changes (± SEM) in serum triacylglycerol (TAG), plasma glucose, serum insulin and serum free fatty acids (FFA) concentrations after consumption of either the high-fat (closed triangle), high-carbohydrate (closed circle) and high-protein (closed square) meal in a randomized cross-over study in overweight and slightly obese men (n = 18). Data were analyzed using linear mixed models. *After Bonferroni’s correction significantly different from fasting values, P < 0.05. #After Bonferroni’s correction, significantly different from the other two meals. §After Bonferroni’s correction, significantly difference between high-carbohydrate and high-fat meal. ¶After Bonferroni’s correction, significantly different between high-carbohydrate and high-protein meal
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
a–d Mean changes (± SEM) in serum triacylglycerol (TAG), plasma glucose, serum insulin and serum free fatty acids (FFA) concentrations after consumption of either the high-fat (closed triangle), high-carbohydrate (closed circle) and high-protein (closed square) meal in a randomized cross-over study in overweight and slightly obese men (n = 18). Data were analyzed using linear mixed models. *After Bonferroni’s correction significantly different from fasting values, P < 0.05. #After Bonferroni’s correction, significantly different from the other two meals. §After Bonferroni’s correction, significantly difference between high-carbohydrate and high-fat meal. ¶After Bonferroni’s correction, significantly different between high-carbohydrate and high-protein meal

References

    1. Inaba Y, Chen JA, Bergmann SR. Prediction of future cardiovascular outcomes by flow-mediated vasodilatation of brachial artery: a meta-analysis. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2010;26:631–640. doi: 10.1007/s10554-010-9616-1.
    1. Raddino R, Caretta G, Teli M, et al. Nitric oxide and cardiovascular risk factors. Heart Int. 2007;3:18. doi: 10.1177/1826186807003001-203.
    1. World Health Organization . HEARTS—technical package for cardiovascular disease management in primary health care. Geneva: WHO; 2016. p. 8.
    1. Bauer V, Sotnikova R. Nitric oxide–the endothelium-derived relaxing factor and its role in endothelial functions. Gen Physiol Biophys. 2010;29(4):319–340. doi: 10.4149/gpb_2010_04_319.
    1. Ceriello A. The post-prandial state and cardiovascular disease: relevance to diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2000;16:125–132. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1520-7560(200003/04)16:2<125::AID-DMRR90>;2-4.
    1. Thom NJ, Early AR, Hunt BE, Harris RA, Herring MP. Eating and arterial endothelial function: a meta-analysis of the acute effects of meal consumption on flow-mediated dilation. Obes Rev. 2016;17:1080–1090. doi: 10.1111/obr.12454.
    1. Watanabe K, Oba K, Suzuki T, et al. Oral glucose loading attenuates endothelial function in normal individual. Eur J Clin Invest. 2011;41:465–473. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2010.02424.x.
    1. Jacome-Sosa M, Parks EJ, Bruno RS, et al. Postprandial metabolism of macronutrients and cardiometabolic risk: recent developments, emerging concepts, and future directions. Adv Nutr. 2016;7:364–374. doi: 10.3945/an.115.010397.
    1. Green DJ, Jones H, Thijssen D, Cable NT, Atkinson G. Flow-mediated dilation and cardiovascular event prediction: does nitric oxide matter? Hypertension. 2011;57:363–369. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.167015.
    1. Ras RT, Streppel MT, Draijer R, Zock PL. Flow-mediated dilation and cardiovascular risk prediction: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol. 2013;168:344–351. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.09.047.
    1. Vogel RA, Corretti MC, Plotnick GD. Effect of a single high-fat meal on endothelial function in healthy subjects. Am J Cardiol. 1997;79:350–354. doi: 10.1016/S0002-9149(96)00760-6.
    1. Bae JH, Bassenge E, Kim KB, et al. Postprandial hypertriglyceridemia impairs endothelial function by enhanced oxidant stress. Atherosclerosis. 2001;155:517–523. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9150(00)00601-8.
    1. Tyldum GA, Schjerve IE, Tjonna AE, et al. Endothelial dysfunction induced by post-prandial lipemia: complete protection afforded by high-intensity aerobic interval exercise. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:200–206. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2008.09.033.
    1. Brock DW, Davis CK, Irving BA, et al. A high-carbohydrate, high-fiber meal improves endothelial function in adults with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:2313–2315. doi: 10.2337/dc06-0917.
    1. Suzuki K, Watanabe K, Futami-Suda S, et al. The effects of postprandial glucose and insulin levels on postprandial endothelial function in subjects with normal glucose tolerance. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2012;11:98. doi: 10.1186/1475-2840-11-98.
    1. Kawano H, Motoyama T, Hirashima O, et al. Hyperglycemia rapidly suppresses flow-mediated endothelium-dependent vasodilation of brachial artery. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;34:146–154. doi: 10.1016/S0735-1097(99)00168-0.
    1. Westphal S, Taneva E, Kastner S, et al. Endothelial dysfunction induced by postprandial lipemia is neutralized by addition of proteins to the fatty meal. Atherosclerosis. 2006;185:313–319. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.06.004.
    1. LaRocca TJ, Martens CR, Seals DR. Nutrition and other lifestyle influences on arterial aging. Ageing Res Rev. 2017;39:106–119. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.09.002.
    1. Cicero AFG, Caliceti C, Fogacci F, et al. Effect of apple polyphenols on vascular oxidative stress and endothelium function: a translational study. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2017;61(11):1700373. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201700373.
    1. Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem. 1972;18:499–502. doi: 10.1093/clinchem/18.6.499.
    1. Joris PJ, Mensink RP. Beetroot juice improves in overweight and slightly obese men postprandial endothelial function after consumption of a mixed meal. Atherosclerosis. 2013;231:78–83. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.09.001.
    1. Matthews JN, Altman DG, Campbell MJ, Royston P. Analysis of serial measurements in medical research. BMJ. 1990;300:230–235. doi: 10.1136/bmj.300.6719.230.
    1. Borucki K, Aronica S, Starke I, Luley C, Westphal S. Addition of 2.5 g l-arginine in a fatty meal prevents the lipemia-induced endothelial dysfunction in healthy volunteers. Atherosclerosis. 2009;205:251–254. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.10.026.
    1. Wallace JP, Johnson B, Padilla J, Mather K. Postprandial lipaemia, oxidative stress and endothelial function: a review. Int J Clin Pract. 2010;64:389–403. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2009.02146.x.
    1. Zheng XY, Liu L. Remnant-like lipoprotein particles impair endothelial function: direct and indirect effects on nitric oxide synthase. J Lipid Res. 2007;48:1673–1680. doi: 10.1194/jlr.R700001-JLR200.
    1. Van der Made SM, Plat J, Mensink RP. Trans-resveratrol supplementation and endothelial function during the fasting and postprandial phase: a randomized placebo-controlled trial in overweight and slightly obese participants. Nutrients. 2017;9:596. doi: 10.3390/nu9060596.
    1. Botham KM, Wheeler-Jones CP. Postprandial lipoproteins and the molecular regulation of vascular homeostasis. Prog Lipid Res. 2013;52(4):446–464. doi: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.06.001.
    1. Mah E, Bruno RS. Postprandial hyperglycemia on vascular endothelial function: mechanisms and consequences. Nutr Res. 2012;32:727–740. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2012.08.002.
    1. Bode-Boger SM, Scalera F, Ignarro LJ. The l-arginine paradox: importance of the l-arginine/asymmetrical dimethylarginine ratio. Pharmacol Ther. 2007;114:295–306. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.03.002.
    1. Xiang GD, Sun HL, Zhao LS, Hou J, Yue L, Xu L. The antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid improves endothelial dysfunction induced by acute hyperglycaemia during OGTT in impaired glucose tolerance. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2008;68:716–723. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.03099.x.
    1. Atkinson G, Batterham AM. The clinical relevance of the percentage flow-mediated dilation index. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2015;17:4. doi: 10.1007/s11906-014-0514-0.
    1. Muniyappa R, Montagnani M, Koh KK, Quon MJ. Cardiovascular actions of insulin. Endocr Rev. 2007;28:463–491. doi: 10.1210/er.2007-0006.
    1. Thijssen DHJ, Bruno RM, van Mil A, et al. Expert consensus and evidence-based recommendations for the assessment of flow-mediated dilation in humans. Eur Heart J. 2019;40(30):2534–2547. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz350.

Source: PubMed

Sponsorer og samarbeidspartnere

Medisinsk tilstand

Legemiddelintervensjoner

3
Abonnere