Goats' Feeding Supplementation with Acacia farnesiana Pods and Their Relationship with Milk Composition: Fatty Acids, Polyphenols, and Antioxidant Activity

Claudia Delgadillo-Puga, Mario Cuchillo-Hilario, Luis León-Ortiz, Amairani Ramírez-Rodríguez, Andrea Cabiddu, Arturo Navarro-Ocaña, Aurora Magdalena Morales-Romero, Omar Noel Medina-Campos, José Pedraza-Chaverri, Claudia Delgadillo-Puga, Mario Cuchillo-Hilario, Luis León-Ortiz, Amairani Ramírez-Rodríguez, Andrea Cabiddu, Arturo Navarro-Ocaña, Aurora Magdalena Morales-Romero, Omar Noel Medina-Campos, José Pedraza-Chaverri

Abstract

Background: Research efforts have focused on the evaluation of the bioactive quality of animal products (milk, cheese, meat, and other by-products) contrasting various feeding strategies coming from different ecological zones. The study aimed to describe the fatty acids (FA), polyphenols (P), bioactive compounds (BC), and antioxidant activity (AA) of goat's milk.

Methods: Dairy goats were fed with five systems: (1) Grazing; (2) conventional diet (CD); (3) CD + 10% of Acacia farnesiana (AF) pods; (4) CD + 20% AF; and (5) CD + 30% AF. The fatty acid profile, health promoting and thrombogenic indexes were calculated. Milk extracts were evaluated by HPLC to determent phenolic compounds (gallic, caffeic, chlorogenic, and ferulic acids, catechin, epicatechin, and quercetin). Antioxidant activity of goat's milk extract was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH•), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays.

Results: Conventional diet showed the highest content of polyunsaturated fatty acids while grazing showed the best n-6:n-3 and the linoleic:alpha linolenic acid ratio. Similarly, grazing and AF boosted the polyphenol content.

Conclusions: Acacia farnesiana inclusion in the goats' diets increased the presence of bioactive compounds and the antioxidant activity while diminishing the cholesterol content of goat's milk.

Keywords: Acacia farnesiana pods; bioactive compounds; fatty acids; milk; radical scavenging.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Total polyphenols of freeze-dried milk from goats fed conventional diet versus diets supplemented with graded levels of Acacia farnesiana pods (AF). CD = Conventional diet. a,b,c,d Means with different letters indicate differences (p < 0.05) among treatments.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Bioactive compounds (A–D) in milk from goats fed conventional diet versus diets supplemented with graded levels of Acacia farnesiana pods (AF) by HPLC. CD = Conventional diet. a,b,c,d Means with different letters indicate differences (p < 0.05) among treatments.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Total antioxidant activity of milk extracts from goat’s fed under grazing system, conventional diet (CD), or CD supplemented with different levels of Acacia farnesiana pods (AF). DPPH• scavenging capacity (A). Oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay (B) and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay (C). a,b,c,d Means with different letters indicate differences (p < 0.05) among treatments.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Pearson correlations among antioxidant activity and bioactive compounds concentrations from goat’s milk fed under grazing system (G), conventional diet (CD), or CD supplemented with different levels (10%, 20%, and 30%) of Acacia farnesiana pods (AF). DPPH• scavenging capacity assay (A1–A4). Oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay (B1–B4) and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay (C1–C4).

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