Inflammation during Percutaneous Coronary Intervention-Prognostic Value, Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets

Bradley Tucker, Kaivan Vaidya, Blake J Cochran, Sanjay Patel, Bradley Tucker, Kaivan Vaidya, Blake J Cochran, Sanjay Patel

Abstract

Periprocedural myocardial injury and myocardial infarction (MI) are not infrequent complications of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and are associated with greater short- and long-term mortality. There is an abundance of preclinical and observational data demonstrating that high levels of pre-, intra- and post-procedural inflammation are associated with a higher incidence of periprocedural myonecrosis as well as future ischaemic events, heart failure hospitalisations and cardiac-related mortality. Beyond inflammation associated with the underlying coronary pathology, PCI itself elicits an acute inflammatory response. PCI-induced inflammation is driven by a combination of direct endothelial damage, liberation of intra-plaque proinflammatory debris and reperfusion injury. Therefore, anti-inflammatory medications, such as colchicine, may provide a novel means of improving PCI outcomes in both the short- and long-term. This review summarises periprocedural MI epidemiology and pathophysiology, evaluates the prognostic value of pre-, intra- and post-procedural inflammation, dissects the mechanisms involved in the acute inflammatory response to PCI and discusses the potential for periprocedural anti-inflammatory treatment.

Keywords: angioplasty; atherosclerosis; cardiovascular disease; inflammation; myocardial infarction; percutaneous coronary intervention; periprocedural myocardial infarction.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The inflammatory response to PCI. Balloon inflation and/or stent deployment (A) causes direct endothelial injury. In response the endothelium upregulates its expression of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules, which drive platelet and leukocyte recruitment and activation (B). This process is further enhanced by reperfusion-induced ROS. Balloon inflation and/or stent deployment also causes microembolisation of plaque material, which travels downstream and contributes to microvascular obstruction. Moreover, the liberation of cholesterol crystals and NETs facilitates activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, ultimately resulting in the production of IL-1β and IL-6 (C). IL-1β, Interleukin-1β; IL-6, Interleukin-6; MAPK, Mitogen-activated protein kinase; NETs, Neutrophil extracellular traps; NF-κB, Nuclear factor-κB; NLRP3, NOD-like receptor protein 3.

References

    1. Zhu K.F., Wang Y.M., Zhu J.Z., Zhou Q.Y., Wang N.F. National prevalence of coronary heart disease and its relationship with human development index: A systematic review. Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol. 2016;23:530–543. doi: 10.1177/2047487315587402.
    1. Ridker P.M., Everett B.M., Thuren T., MacFadyen J.G., Chang W.H., Ballantyne C., Fonseca F., Nicolau J., Koenig W., Anker S.D., et al. Antiinflammatory Therapy with Canakinumab for Atherosclerotic Disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 2017;377:1119–1131. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1707914.
    1. Nidorf S.M., Fiolet A.T.L., Mosterd A., Eikelboom J.W., Schut A., Opstal T.S.J., The S.H.K., Xu X.-F., Ireland M.A., Lenderink T., et al. Colchicine in Patients with Chronic Coronary Disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 2020;383:1838–1847. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2021372.
    1. Tardif J.C., Kouz S., Waters D.D., Bertrand O.F., Diaz R., Maggioni A.P., Pinto F.J., Ibrahim R., Gamra H., Kiwan G.S., et al. Efficacy and Safety of Low-Dose Colchicine after Myocardial Infarction. N. Engl. J. Med. 2019;381:2497–2505. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1912388.
    1. Lahoud R., Dauerman Harold L. Fall and Rise of Coronary Intervention. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 2020;9:e016853. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.120.016853.
    1. Gregson J., Stone G.W., Ben-Yehuda O., Redfors B., Kandzari D.E., Morice M.C., Leon M.B., Kosmidou I., Lembo N.J., Brown W.M., 3rd, et al. Implications of Alternative Definitions of Peri-Procedural Myocardial Infarction After Coronary Revascularization. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2020;76:1609–1621. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.08.016.
    1. Thygesen K., Alpert Joseph S., Jaffe Allan S., Chaitman Bernard R., Bax Jeroen J., Morrow David A., White Harvey D., The Executive Group on behalf of the Joint European Society of Cardiology (ESC)/American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA)/World Heart Federation (WHF) Task Force for the Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction. Circulation. 2018;138:e618–e651. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000617.
    1. Moussa I.D., Klein L.W., Shah B., Mehran R., Mack M.J., Brilakis E.S., Reilly J.P., Zoghbi G., Holper E., Stone G.W. Consideration of a new definition of clinically relevant myocardial infarction after coronary revascularization: An expert consensus document from the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI) J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2013;62:1563–1570. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.08.720.
    1. Maron D.J., Hochman J.S., Reynolds H.R., Bangalore S., O’Brien S.M., Boden W.E., Chaitman B.R., Senior R., López-Sendón J., Alexander K.P., et al. Initial Invasive or Conservative Strategy for Stable Coronary Disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 2020;382:1395–1407. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1915922.
    1. Hara H., Serruys P.W., Takahashi K., Kawashima H., Ono M., Gao C., Wang R., Mohr F.W., Holmes D.R., Davierwala P.M., et al. Impact of Peri-Procedural Myocardial Infarction on Outcomes After Revascularization. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2020;76:1622–1639. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.08.009.
    1. Zeitouni M., Silvain J., Guedeney P., Kerneis M., Yan Y., Overtchouk P., Barthelemy O., Hauguel-Moreau M., Choussat R., Helft G., et al. Periprocedural myocardial infarction and injury in elective coronary stenting. Eur. Heart J. 2018;39:1100–1109. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx799.
    1. Ben-Yehuda O., Chen S., Redfors B., McAndrew T., Crowley A., Kosmidou I., Kandzari D.E., Puskas J.D., Morice M.C., Taggart D.P., et al. Impact of large periprocedural myocardial infarction on mortality after percutaneous coronary intervention and coronary artery bypass grafting for left main disease: An analysis from the EXCEL trial. Eur. Heart J. 2019;40:1930–1941. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz113.
    1. Herrmann J. Peri-procedural myocardial injury: 2005 update. Eur. Heart J. 2005;26:2493–2519. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehi455.
    1. Patel Vishal G., Brayton Kimberly M., Mintz Gary S., Maehara A., Banerjee S., Brilakis Emmanouil S. Intracoronary and Noninvasive Imaging for Prediction of Distal Embolization and Periprocedural Myocardial Infarction During Native Coronary Artery Percutaneous Intervention. Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging. 2013;6:1102–1114. doi: 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.113.000448.
    1. Popma J.J., Mauri L., O’Shaughnessy C., Overlie P., McLaurin B., Almonacid A., Kirtane A., Leon M.B. Frequency and clinical consequences associated with sidebranch occlusion during stent implantation using zotarolimus-eluting and paclitaxel-eluting coronary stents. Circ. Cardiovasc. Interv. 2009;2:133–139. doi: 10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.108.832048.
    1. Jaffe R., Dick A., Strauss Bradley H. Prevention and Treatment of Microvascular Obstruction-Related Myocardial Injury and Coronary No-Reflow Following Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. JACC Cardiovasc. Interv. 2010;3:695–704. doi: 10.1016/j.jcin.2010.05.004.
    1. Chan W., Stub D., Clark D.J., Ajani A.E., Andrianopoulos N., Brennan A.L., New G., Black A., Shaw J.A., Reid C.M., et al. Usefulness of Transient and Persistent No Reflow to Predict Adverse Clinical Outcomes Following Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Am. J. Cardiol. 2012;109:478–485. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2011.09.037.
    1. Ndrepepa G., Tiroch K., Keta D., Fusaro M., Seyfarth M., Pache J., Mehilli J., Schomig A., Kastrati A. Predictive factors and impact of no reflow after primary percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circ. Cardiovasc. Interv. 2010;3:27–33. doi: 10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.109.896225.
    1. Morishima I., Sone T., Okumura K., Tsuboi H., Kondo J., Mukawa H., Matsui H., Toki Y., Ito T., Hayakawa T. Angiographic no-reflow phenomenon as a predictor of adverse long-term outcome in patients treated with percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty for first acute myocardial infarction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2000;36:1202–1209. doi: 10.1016/S0735-1097(00)00865-2.
    1. Endo M., Hibi K., Shimizu T., Komura N., Kusama I., Otsuka F., Mitsuhashi T., Iwahashi N., Okuda J., Tsukahara K., et al. Impact of Ultrasound Attenuation and Plaque Rupture as Detected by Intravascular Ultrasound on the Incidence of No-Reflow Phenomenon After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. JACC Cardiovasc. Interv. 2010;3:540–549. doi: 10.1016/j.jcin.2010.01.015.
    1. Kimura S., Kakuta T., Yonetsu T., Suzuki A., Iesaka Y., Fujiwara H., Isobe M. Clinical significance of echo signal attenuation on intravascular ultrasound in patients with coronary artery disease. Circ. Cardiovasc. Interv. 2009;2:444–454. doi: 10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.108.821124.
    1. Mitsuba N., Teragawa H., Hata T., Nishioka K., Fujii Y., Mikami S., Fujimura N., Maruhashi T., Kurisu S., Kihara Y. Deep echo attenuation without calcification increases the risk of periprocedural myonecrosis after elective percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with coronary artery disease. Intern. Med. 2012;51:691–698. doi: 10.2169/internalmedicine.51.6732.
    1. Böse D., von Birgelen C., Zhou X.Y., Schmermund A., Philipp S., Sack S., Konorza T., Möhlenkamp S., Leineweber K., Kleinbongard P., et al. Impact of atherosclerotic plaque composition on coronary microembolization during percutaneous coronary interventions. Basic Res. Cardiol. 2008;103:587–597. doi: 10.1007/s00395-008-0745-9.
    1. Kawaguchi R., Oshima S., Jingu M., Tsurugaya H., Toyama T., Hoshizaki H., Taniguchi K. Usefulness of virtual histology intravascular ultrasound to predict distal embolization for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2007;50:1641–1646. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.06.051.
    1. Sakakura K., Nakano M., Otsuka F., Ladich E., Kolodgie F.D., Virmani R. Pathophysiology of Atherosclerosis Plaque Progression. HeartLung Circ. 2013;22:399–411. doi: 10.1016/j.hlc.2013.03.001.
    1. Lee Sung Y., Mintz Gary S., Kim S.-Y., Hong Young J., Kim Sang W., Okabe T., Pichard Augusto D., Satler Lowell F., Kent Kenneth M., Suddath William O., et al. Attenuated Plaque Detected by Intravascular Ultrasound. JACC: Cardiovasc. Interv. 2009;2:65–72. doi: 10.1016/j.jcin.2008.08.022.
    1. Bibek S.-b., Xie Y., Gao J.-j., Wang Z., Wang J.-f., Geng D.-f. Role of Pre-procedural C-reactive Protein Level in the Prediction of Major Adverse Cardiac Events in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Meta-analysisof Longitudinal Studies. Inflammation. 2015;38:159–169. doi: 10.1007/s10753-014-0018-8.
    1. Patti G., Mangiacapra F., Ricottini E., Cannatà A., Cavallari I., Vizzi V., D’Ambrosio A., Dicuonzo G., Di Sciascio G. Correlation of Platelet Reactivity and C-Reactive Protein Levels to Occurrence of Peri-Procedural Myocardial Infarction in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (from the ARMYDA-CRP Study) Am. J. Cardiol. 2013;111:1739–1744. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2013.02.028.
    1. Ellis Stephen G., Chew D., Chan A., Whitlow Patrick L., Schneider Jakob P., Topol Eric J. Death Following Creatine Kinase-MB Elevation After Coronary Intervention. Circulation. 2002;106:1205–1210. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000028146.71416.2E.
    1. Niccoli G., Sgueglia G.A., Latib A., Crea F., Colombo A., on behalf of the CACTUS Study Group Association of baseline C-reactive protein levels with periprocedural myocardial injury in patients undergoing percutaneous bifurcation intervention: A CACTUS study subanalysis. Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv. 2014;83:E37–E44. doi: 10.1002/ccd.25102.
    1. Saadeddin S.M., Habbab M.d.A., Sobki S.H., Ferns G.A. Association of systemic inflammatory state with troponin I elevation after elective uncomplicated percutaneous coronary intervention. Am. J. Cardiol. 2002;89:981–983. doi: 10.1016/S0002-9149(02)02253-1.
    1. Yao M., Zhao L., Wu L., Zhang W., Luan Y., Song J., Fu G., Zhu J. Predictive value of baseline C-reactive protein for periprocedural myocardial infraction of higher risk stratifications: A retrospective cohort clinical study. Anatol. J. Cardiol. 2018;20:310–317. doi: 10.14744/AnatolJCardiol.2018.05406.
    1. Zairis M.N., Ambrose J.A., Ampartzidou O., Lyras A.G., Manousakis S.J., Makrygiannis S.S., Beldekos D.J., Devoe M.C., Fakiolas C.N., Prekates A.A., et al. Preprocedural plasma C-reactive protein levels, postprocedural creatine kinase-MB release, and long-term prognosis after successful coronary stenting (four-year results from the GENERATION study) Am. J. Cardiol. 2005;95:386–390. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2004.09.039.
    1. Zhao L., Li Y., Xu T., Luan Y., Lv Q., Wang Y., Lv X., Fu G., Zhang W. Impact of increased inflammation biomarkers on periprocedural myocardial infarction in patients undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention: A cohort study. J. Thorac. Dis. 2020;12:5398–5410. doi: 10.21037/jtd-20-1605.
    1. Karabağ Y., Çağdaş M., Rencuzogullari I., Karakoyun S., Artaç İ., İliş D., Yesin M., Çağdaş Ö.S., Altıntaş B., Burak C., et al. Usefulness of The C-Reactive Protein/Albumin Ratio for Predicting No-Reflow in ST-elevation myocardial infarction treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Eur. J. Clin. Investig. 2018;48:e12928. doi: 10.1111/eci.12928.
    1. Wang Y., Zhao H.-W., Wang C.-F., Zhang X.-J., Tao J., Cui C.-S., Meng Q.-K., Zhu Y., Luo D.-F., Hou A.-J., et al. Incidence, Predictors, and Prognosis of Coronary Slow-Flow and No-Reflow Phenomenon in Patients with Chronic Total Occlusion Who Underwent Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Clin. Risk Manag. 2020;16:95–101. doi: 10.2147/TCRM.S233512.
    1. Ishii H., Toriyama T., Aoyama T., Takahashi H., Amano T., Hayashi M., Tanaka M., Kawamura Y., Yasuda Y., Yuzawa Y., et al. Prognostic values of C-reactive protein levels on clinical outcome after implantation of sirolimus-eluting stents in patients on hemodialysis. Circ. Cardiovasc. Interv. 2009;2:513–518. doi: 10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.109.889915.
    1. Delhaye C., Maluenda G., Wakabayashi K., Ben-Dor I., Lemesle G., Collins S.D., Syed A.I., Torguson R., Kaneshige K., Xue Z., et al. Long-term prognostic value of preprocedural C-reactive protein after drug-eluting stent implantation. Am. J. Cardiol. 2010;105:826–832. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.10.064.
    1. Park D.-W., Lee C.W., Yun S.-C., Kim Y.-H., Hong M.-K., Kim J.-J., Park S.-W., Park S.-J. Prognostic impact of preprocedural C reactive protein levels on 6-month angiographic and 1-year clinical outcomes after drug-eluting stent implantation. Heart. 2007;93:1087–1092. doi: 10.1136/hrt.2006.099762.
    1. Aronow H.D., Quinn M.J., Gurm H.S., Lauer M.S., Brennan D.M., Topol E.J., Lincoff A.M. Preprocedure inflammatory state predicts periprocedural myocardial infarction after elective percutaneous coronary intervention: An EPIC substudy. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2003;41:17. doi: 10.1016/S0735-1097(03)80073-6.
    1. Aronow Herbert D., Shishehbor M., Davis DonaLee A., Katzan Irene L., Bhatt Deepak L., Bajzer Christopher T., Abou-Chebl A., Derk Krieger W., Whitlow Patrick L., Yadav Jay S. Leukocyte Count Predicts Microembolic Doppler Signals During Carotid Stenting. Stroke. 2005;36:1910–1914. doi: 10.1161/01.STR.0000177610.33478.65.
    1. Abdi S., Rafizadeh O., Peighambari M., Basiri H., Bakhshandeh H. Evaluation of the Clinical and Procedural Predictive Factors of no-Reflow Phenomenon Following Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Res. Cardiovasc. Med. 2015;4:e25414. doi: 10.5812/cardiovascmed.4(2)2015.25414.
    1. Gurm H.S., Bhatt D.L., Gupta R., Ellis S.G., Topol E.J., Lauer M.S. Preprocedural white blood cell count and death after percutaneous coronary intervention. Am. Heart J. 2003;146:692–698. doi: 10.1016/S0002-8703(03)00230-8.
    1. Palmerini T., Marzocchi A., Marrozzini C., Ortolani P., Saia F., Bacchi-Reggiani L., Virzì S., Gianstefani S., Branzi A. Preprocedural Levels of C-Reactive Protein and Leukocyte Counts Predict 9-Month Mortality After Coronary Angioplasty for the Treatment of Unprotected Left Main Coronary Artery Stenosis. Circulation. 2005;112:2332–2338. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.551648.
    1. Toor I.S., Jaumdally R., Lip G.Y., Millane T., Varma C. Eosinophil count predicts mortality following percutaneous coronary intervention. Thromb. Res. 2012;130:607–611. doi: 10.1016/j.thromres.2012.05.033.
    1. Verdoia M., Schaffer A., Barbieri L., Sinigaglia F., Marino P., Suryapranata H., De Luca G. Eosinophils count and periprocedural myocardial infarction in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions. Atherosclerosis. 2014;236:169–174. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.06.023.
    1. Akpek M., Kaya M.G., Lam Y.Y., Sahin O., Elcik D., Celik T., Ergin A., Gibson C.M. Relation of neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio to coronary flow to in-hospital major adverse cardiac events in patients with ST-elevated myocardial infarction undergoing primary coronary intervention. Am. J. Cardiol. 2012;110:621–627. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.04.041.
    1. Tian J., Liu Y., Liu Y., Song X., Zhang M., Xu F., Yuan F., Lyu S. Prognostic Association of Circulating Neutrophil Count with No-Reflow in Patients with ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction following Successful Primary Percutaneous Intervention. Dis. Markers. 2017;2017:8458492. doi: 10.1155/2017/8458492.
    1. Vakili H., Khaheshi I., Sharifi A., Nickdoost N., Namazi M.H., Safi M., Saadat H., Parsa S.A., Akbarzadeh M.A., Naderian M., et al. Assessment of Admission Time Cell Blood Count (CBC) Parameters in Predicting Post-primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention TIMI Frame Count in Patients with ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Cardiovasc. Hematol. Disord. Drug Targets. 2020;20:191–197. doi: 10.2174/1871529X20666200206123118.
    1. Sen N., Afsar B., Ozcan F., Buyukkaya E., Isleyen A., Akcay A.B., Yuzgecer H., Kurt M., Karakas M.F., Basar N., et al. The neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio was associated with impaired myocardial perfusion and long term adverse outcome in patients with ST-elevated myocardial infarction undergoing primary coronary intervention. Atherosclerosis. 2013;228:203–210. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.02.017.
    1. Kalyoncuoglu M., Biter H.I., Ozturk S., Belen E., Can M.M. Predictive accuracy of lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio and monocyte-to-high-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol ratio in determining the slow flow/no-reflow phenomenon in patients with non–ST-elevated myocardial infarction. Coron. Artery Dis. 2020;31 doi: 10.1097/MCA.0000000000000848.
    1. Kurtul A., Yarlioglues M., Celik I.E., Duran M., Elcik D., Kilic A., Oksuz F., Murat S.N. Association of lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio with the no-reflow phenomenon in patients who underwent a primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Coron. Artery Dis. 2015;26:706–712. doi: 10.1097/MCA.0000000000000301.
    1. Wang Q., Ma J., Jiang Z., Wu F., Ping J., Ming L. Association of lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio with in-hospital and long-term major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events in patients with ST-elevated myocardial infarction. Medicine. 2017;96:e7897. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000007897.
    1. Ren F., Mu N., Zhang X., Tan J., Li L., Zhang C., Dong M. Increased Platelet-leukocyte Aggregates Are Associated With Myocardial No-reflow in Patients With ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Am. J. Med Sci. 2016;352:261–266. doi: 10.1016/j.amjms.2016.05.034.
    1. Funayama H., Ishikawa S.E., Sugawara Y., Kubo N., Momomura S., Kawakami M. Myeloperoxidase may contribute to the no-reflow phenomenon in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Int. J. Cardiol. 2010;139:187–192. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2008.10.018.
    1. Stamboul K., Zeller M., Rochette L., Cottin Y., Cochet A., Leclercq T., Porot G., Guenancia C., Fichot M., Maillot N., et al. Relation between high levels of myeloperoxidase in the culprit artery and microvascular obstruction, infarct size and reverse remodeling in ST-elevation myocardial infarction. PLoS ONE. 2017;12:e0179929. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179929.
    1. Buyukkaya E., Poyraz F., Karakas M.F., Kurt M., Akcay A.B., Akpinar I., Motor S., Turak O., Ozturk O.H., Sen N., et al. Usefulness of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 to Predict No-Reflow and Three-Year Mortality in Patients With ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Am. J. Cardiol. 2013;112:187–193. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2013.03.011.
    1. Yin Y.-J., Chen Y.-C., Xu L., Zhao X.-H., Song Y. Relationship of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2(Lp-PLA2) and periprocedural myocardial injury in patients undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention. Int. J. Cardiol. Heart Vasc. 2020;28:100541. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2020.100541.
    1. Lagrand Wim K., Visser Cees A., Hermens Willem T., Niessen Hans W.M., Verheugt Freek W.A., Wolbink G.-J., Hack C.E. C-Reactive Protein as a Cardiovascular Risk Factor. Circulation. 1999;100:96–102. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.100.1.96.
    1. Briguori C., Visconti G., Focaccio A., Golia B., Chieffo A., Castelli A., Mussardo M., Montorfano M., Ricciardelli B., Colombo A. Novel Approaches for Preventing or Limiting Events (Naples) II Trial. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2009;54:2157–2163. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.07.005.
    1. Zhang E., Gao M., Gao J., Xiao J., Li X., Zhao H., Wang J., Zhang N., Wang S., Liu Y. Inflammatory and Hematological Indices as Simple, Practical Severity Predictors of Microdysfunction Following Coronary Intervention: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Angiology. 2020;71:349–359. doi: 10.1177/0003319719896472.
    1. Ray Kausik K., Cannon Christopher P., Cairns R., Morrow David A., Ridker Paul M., Braunwald E. Prognostic Utility of ApoB/AI, Total Cholesterol/HDL, Non-HDL Cholesterol, or hs-CRP as Predictors of Clinical Risk in Patients Receiving Statin Therapy After Acute Coronary Syndromes. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2009;29:424–430. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.108.181735.
    1. Swiatkiewicz I., Kozinski M., Magielski P., Fabiszak T., Sukiennik A., Navarese E.P., Odrowaz-Sypniewska G., Kubica J. Value of C-reactive protein in predicting left ventricular remodelling in patients with a first ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Mediat. Inflamm. 2012;2012:250867. doi: 10.1155/2012/250867.
    1. Świątkiewicz I., Magielski P., Kubica J. C-Reactive Protein as a Risk Marker for Post-Infarct Heart Failure over a Multi-Year Period. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021;22:3169. doi: 10.3390/ijms22063169.
    1. Świątkiewicz I., Magielski P., Kubica J., Zadourian A., DeMaria A.N., Taub P.R. Enhanced Inflammation is a Marker for Risk of Post-Infarct Ventricular Dysfunction and Heart Failure. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020;21:807. doi: 10.3390/ijms21030807.
    1. Welsh C., Welsh P., Mark Patrick B., Celis-Morales Carlos A., Lewsey J., Gray Stuart R., Lyall Donald M., Iliodromiti S., Gill Jason M.R., Pell J., et al. Association of Total and Differential Leukocyte Counts With Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality in the UK Biobank. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2018;38:1415–1423. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.118.310945.
    1. Madjid M., Awan I., Willerson J.T., Casscells S.W. Leukocyte count and coronary heart disease: Implications for risk assessment. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2004;44:1945–1956. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2004.07.056.
    1. Bhat T., Teli S., Rijal J., Bhat H., Raza M., Khoueiry G., Meghani M., Akhtar M., Costantino T. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and cardiovascular diseases: A review. Expert Rev. Cardiovasc. Ther. 2013;11:55–59. doi: 10.1586/erc.12.159.
    1. Botto N., Sbrana S., Trianni G., Andreassi M.G., Ravani M., Rizza A., Al-Jabri A., Palmieri C., Berti S. An increased platelet–leukocytes interaction at the culprit site of coronary artery occlusion in acute myocardial infarction: A pathogenic role for “no-reflow” phenomenon? Int. J. Cardiol. 2007;117:123–130. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2006.04.060.
    1. Nicholls Stephen J., Hazen Stanley L. Myeloperoxidase and Cardiovascular Disease. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2005;25:1102–1111. doi: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000163262.83456.6d.
    1. Ali M., Pulli B., Courties G., Tricot B., Sebas M., Iwamoto Y., Hilgendorf I., Schob S., Dong A., Zheng W., et al. Myeloperoxidase Inhibition Improves Ventricular Function and Remodeling After Experimental Myocardial Infarction. JACC Basic Transl. Sci. 2016;1:633–643. doi: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2016.09.004.
    1. Gilbert J., Lekstrom-Himes J., Donaldson D., Lee Y., Hu M., Xu J., Wyant T., Davidson M. Effect of CC Chemokine Receptor 2 CCR2 Blockade on Serum C-Reactive Protein in Individuals at Atherosclerotic Risk and With a Single Nucleotide Polymorphism of the Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 Promoter Region. Am. J. Cardiol. 2011;107:906–911. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.11.005.
    1. Tucker B., Kurup R., Barraclough J., Henriquez R., Cartland S., Arnott C., Misra A., Martínez G., Kavurma M., Patel S. Colchicine as a Novel Therapy for Suppressing Chemokine Production in Patients With an Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Pilot Study. Clin. Ther. 2019;41:2172–2181. doi: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2019.07.015.
    1. Khuseyinova N., Imhof A., Rothenbacher D., Trischler G., Kuelb S., Scharnagl H., Maerz W., Brenner H., Koenig W. Association between Lp-PLA2 and coronary artery disease: Focus on its relationship with lipoproteins and markers of inflammation and hemostasis. Atherosclerosis. 2005;182:181–188. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2004.10.046.
    1. De Stefano A., Mannucci L., Tamburi F., Cardillo C., Schinzari F., Rovella V., Nisticò S., Bennardo L., Di Daniele N., Tesauro M. Lp-PLA(2), a new biomarker of vascular disorders in metabolic diseases. Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharm. 2019;33:2058738419827154. doi: 10.1177/2058738419827154.
    1. Gach O., Legrand V., Biessaux Y., Chapelle J.P., Vanbelle S., Pierard L.A. Long-Term Prognostic Significance of High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Before and After Coronary Angioplasty in Patients With Stable Angina Pectoris. Am. J. Cardiol. 2007;99:31–35. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.07.059.
    1. Saleh N., Svane B., Hansson L.-O., Jensen J., Nilsson T., Danielsson O., Tornvall P. Response of Serum C-Reactive Protein to Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Has Prognostic Value. Clin. Chem. 2005;51:2124–2130. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2005.048082.
    1. Gaspardone A., Versaci F., Tomai F., Citone C., Proietti I., Gioffrè G., Skossyreva O. C-Reactive Protein, Clinical Outcome, and Restenosis Rates After Implantation of Different Drug-Eluting Stents. Am. J. Cardiol. 2006;97:1311–1316. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.11.060.
    1. Gottsauner-Wolf M., Zasmeta G., Hornykewycz S., Nikfardjam M., Stepan E., Wexberg P., Zorn G., Glogar D., Probst P., Maurer G., et al. Plasma levels of C-reactive protein after coronary stent implantation. Eur. Heart J. 2000;21:1152–1158. doi: 10.1053/euhj.1999.1987.
    1. Kang W.C., Il Moon C., Lee K., Han S.H., Suh S.Y., Moon J., Shin M.S., Ahn T., Shin E.K. Comparison of inflammatory markers for the prediction of neointimal hyperplasia after drug-eluting stent implantation. Coron. Artery Dis. 2011;22:526–532. doi: 10.1097/MCA.0b013e32834bd946.
    1. Li C., Zhang F., Shen Y., Xu R., Chen Z., Dai Y., Lu H., Chang S., Qian J., Wang X., et al. Impact of Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) Index and Its Periprocedural Change (NLRΔ) for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients With Chronic Total Occlusion. Angiology. 2016;68:640–646. doi: 10.1177/0003319716649112.
    1. Cole J., Htun N., Lew R., Freilich M., Quinn S., Layland J. Colchicine to Prevent Periprocedural Myocardial Injury in Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: The COPE-PCI Pilot Trial. Circ. Cardiovasc. Interv. 2021;14:e009992. doi: 10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.120.009992.
    1. Nakachi T., Kosuge M., Hibi K., Ebina T., Hashiba K., Mitsuhashi T., Endo M., Umemura S., Kimura K. C-reactive protein elevation and rapid angiographic progression of nonculprit lesion in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome. Circ. J. 2008;72:1953–1959. doi: 10.1253/circj.CJ-08-0185.
    1. Inoue K., Kodama T., Daida H. Pentraxin 3: A Novel Biomarker for Inflammatory Cardiovascular Disease. Int. J. Vasc. Med. 2012;2012:657025. doi: 10.1155/2012/657025.
    1. Kimura S., Sugiyama T., Hishikari K., Nakagama S., Nakamura S., Misawa T., Mizusawa M., Hayasaka K., Yamakami Y., Sagawa Y., et al. Relationship of systemic pentraxin-3 values with coronary plaque components on optical coherence tomography and post-percutaneous coronary intervention outcomes in patients with stable angina pectoris. Atherosclerosis. 2020;292:127–135. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.11.022.
    1. Husebye T., Eritsland J., Arnesen H., Bjørnerheim R., Mangschau A., Seljeflot I., Andersen G.Ø. Association of Interleukin 8 and Myocardial Recovery in Patients with ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Complicated by Acute Heart Failure. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e112359. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112359.
    1. Stumpf C., Sheriff A., Zimmermann S., Schaefauer L., Schlundt C., Raaz D., Garlichs C.D., Achenbach S. C-reactive protein levels predict systolic heart failure and outcome in patients with first ST-elevation myocardial infarction treated with coronary angioplasty. Arch. Med Sci. 2017;13:1086–1093. doi: 10.5114/aoms.2017.69327.
    1. Everett B.M., Cornel J.H., Lainscak M., Anker S.D., Abbate A., Thuren T., Libby P., Glynn R.J., Ridker P.M. Anti-Inflammatory Therapy With Canakinumab for the Prevention of Hospitalization for Heart Failure. Circulation. 2019;139:1289–1299. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.038010.
    1. Fanola C.L., Morrow D.A., Cannon C.P., Jarolim P., Lukas M.A., Bode C., Hochman J.S., Goodrich E.L., Braunwald E., O’Donoghue M.L. Interleukin-6 and the Risk of Adverse Outcomes in Patients After an Acute Coronary Syndrome: Observations From the SOLID-TIMI 52 (Stabilization of Plaque Using Darapladib-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 52) Trial. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 2017;6 doi: 10.1161/JAHA.117.005637.
    1. Ridker P.M., MacFadyen J.G., Everett B.M., Libby P., Thuren T., Glynn R.J. Relationship of C-reactive protein reduction to cardiovascular event reduction following treatment with canakinumab: A secondary analysis from the CANTOS randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2018;391:319–328. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32814-3.
    1. Guedeney P., Claessen B.E., Kalkman D.N., Aquino M., Sorrentino S., Giustino G., Farhan S., Vogel B., Sartori S., Montalescot G., et al. Residual Inflammatory Risk in Patients With Low LDL Cholesterol Levels Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2019;73:2401–2409. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.01.077.
    1. Kalkman D.N., Aquino M., Claessen B.E., Baber U., Guedeney P., Sorrentino S., Vogel B., de Winter R.J., Sweeny J., Kovacic J.C., et al. Residual inflammatory risk and the impact on clinical outcomes in patients after percutaneous coronary interventions. Eur. Heart J. 2018;39:4101–4108. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy633.
    1. Martínez Gonzalo J., Robertson S., Barraclough J., Xia Q., Mallat Z., Bursill C., Celermajer David S., Patel S. Colchicine Acutely Suppresses Local Cardiac Production of Inflammatory Cytokines in Patients With an Acute Coronary Syndrome. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 2015;4:e002128. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.115.002128.
    1. Bahrmann P., Werner Gerald S., Heusch G., Ferrari M., Poerner Tudor C., Voss A., Figulla Hans R. Detection of Coronary Microembolization by Doppler Ultrasound in Patients With Stable Angina Pectoris Undergoing Elective Percutaneous Coronary Interventions. Circulation. 2007;115:600–608. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.660779.
    1. Charron T., Jaffe R., Segev A., Bang K.W.A., Qiang B., Sparkes J.D., Butany J., Dick A.J., Freedman J., Strauss B.H. Effects of distal embolization on the timing of platelet and inflammatory cell activation in interventional coronary no-reflow. Thromb. Res. 2010;126:50–55. doi: 10.1016/j.thromres.2010.03.012.
    1. Boos C.J., Balakrishnan B., Jessani S., Blann A.D., Lip G.Y. Effects of percutaneous coronary intervention on peripheral venous blood circulating endothelial cells and plasma indices of endothelial damage/dysfunction. Chest. 2007;132:1920–1926. doi: 10.1378/chest.07-1693.
    1. Cornelissen A., Vogt F.J. The effects of stenting on coronary endothelium from a molecular biological view: Time for improvement? J. Cell. Mol. Med. 2019;23:39–46. doi: 10.1111/jcmm.13936.
    1. Munk P.S., Breland U.M., Aukrust P., Skadberg O., Ueland T., Larsen A.I. Inflammatory response to percutaneous coronary intervention in stable coronary artery disease. J. Thromb. Thrombolysis. 2011;31:92–98. doi: 10.1007/s11239-010-0471-7.
    1. Tousoulis D., Charakida M., Stefanadis C. Endothelial function and inflammation in coronary artery disease. Heart. 2006;92:441–444. doi: 10.1136/hrt.2005.066936.
    1. Hausenloy D.J., Yellon D.M. Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury: A neglected therapeutic target. J. Clin. Investig. 2013;123:92–100. doi: 10.1172/JCI62874.
    1. Wu M.Y., Yiang G.T., Liao W.T., Tsai A.P.Y., Cheng Y.L., Cheng P.W., Li C.Y., Li C.J. Current Mechanistic Concepts in Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury. Cell. Physiol. Biochem. 2018;46:1650–1667. doi: 10.1159/000489241.
    1. Frangogiannis N.G. Chemokines in ischemia and reperfusion. Thromb Haemost. 2007;97:738–747. doi: 10.1160/TH07-01-0022.
    1. Gordon J.W., Shaw J.A., Kirshenbaum L.A. Multiple Facets of NF-κB in the Heart. Circ. Res. 2011;108:1122–1132. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.110.226928.
    1. Vinten-Johansen J. Involvement of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of lethal myocardial reperfusion injury. Cardiovasc. Res. 2004;61:481–497. doi: 10.1016/j.cardiores.2003.10.011.
    1. Arslan F., Smeets M.B., O’Neill L.A., Keogh B., McGuirk P., Timmers L., Tersteeg C., Hoefer I.E., Doevendans P.A., Pasterkamp G., et al. Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury is mediated by leukocytic toll-like receptor-2 and reduced by systemic administration of a novel anti-toll-like receptor-2 antibody. Circulation. 2010;121:80–90. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.880187.
    1. Liehn E.A., Piccinini A.-M., Koenen R.R., Soehnlein O., Adage T., Fatu R., Curaj A., Popescu A., Zernecke A., Kungl A.J., et al. A New Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-1/Chemokine CC Motif Ligand-2 Competitor Limiting Neointima Formation and Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Mice. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2010;56:1847–1857. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.04.066.
    1. Hayasaki T., Kaikita K., Okuma T., Yamamoto E., Kuziel W.A., Ogawa H., Takeya M. CC chemokine receptor-2 deficiency attenuates oxidative stress and infarct size caused by myocardial ischemia-reperfusion in mice. Circ. J. 2006;70:342–351. doi: 10.1253/circj.70.342.
    1. Maekawa N., Wada H., Kanda T., Niwa T., Yamada Y., Saito K., Fujiwara H., Sekikawa K., Seishima M. Improved myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice lacking tumor necrosis factor-α. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2002;39:1229–1235. doi: 10.1016/S0735-1097(02)01738-2.
    1. Toldo S., Marchetti C., Mauro A.G., Chojnacki J., Mezzaroma E., Carbone S., Zhang S., Van Tassell B., Salloum F.N., Abbate A. Inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome limits the inflammatory injury following myocardial ischemia-reperfusion in the mouse. Int. J. Cardiol. 2016;209:215–220. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.02.043.
    1. Döring Y., Drechsler M., Soehnlein O., Weber C. Neutrophils in Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2015;35:288–295. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.114.303564.
    1. Martínez G.J., Barraclough J.Y., Nakhla S., Kienzle V., Robertson S., Mallat Z., Celermajer D.S., Patel S. Neutrophil-derived microparticles are released into the coronary circulation following percutaneous coronary intervention in acute coronary syndrome patients. Biosci. Rep. 2017;37:BSR20160430. doi: 10.1042/BSR20160430.
    1. Mangold A., Alias S., Scherz T., Hofbauer Thomas M., Jakowitsch J., Panzenböck A., Simon D., Laimer D., Bangert C., Kammerlander A., et al. Coronary Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Burden and Deoxyribonuclease Activity in ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome Are Predictors of ST-Segment Resolution and Infarct Size. Circ. Res. 2015;116:1182–1192. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.116.304944.
    1. Vaidya K., Tucker B., Kurup R., Khandkar C., Pandzic E., Barraclough J., Machet J., Misra A., Kavurma M., Martinez G., et al. Colchicine Inhibits Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 2021;10:e018993. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.120.018993.
    1. García-Méndez R.C., Almeida-Gutierrez E., Serrano-Cuevas L., Sánchez-Díaz J.S., Rosas-Peralta M., Ortega-Ramirez J.A., Palomo-Villada J.A., Isordia-Salas I., Alonso-Bravo R.M., Borrayo-Sanchez G. Reduction of No Reflow with a Loading Dose of Atorvastatin before Primary Angioplasty in Patients with Acute ST Myocardial Infarction. Arch. Med. Res. 2018;49:620–629. doi: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2018.10.006.
    1. Thålin C., Hisada Y., Lundström S., Mackman N., Wallén H. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2019;39:1724–1738. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.119.312463.
    1. Ge L., Zhou X., Ji W.-J., Lu R.-Y., Zhang Y., Zhang Y.-D., Ma Y.-Q., Zhao J.-H., Li Y.-M. Neutrophil extracellular traps in ischemia-reperfusion injury-induced myocardial no-reflow: Therapeutic potential of DNase-based reperfusion strategy. Am. J. Physiol.-Heart Circ. Physiol. 2014;308:H500–H509. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00381.2014.
    1. Parodi G., Marcucci R., Valenti R., Gori A.M., Migliorini A., Giusti B., Buonamici P., Gensini G.F., Abbate R., Antoniucci D. High Residual Platelet Reactivity After Clopidogrel Loading and Long-term Cardiovascular Events Among Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes Undergoing PCI. JAMA. 2011;306:1215–1223. doi: 10.1001/jama.2011.1332.
    1. Price M.J., Angiolillo D.J., Teirstein P.S., Lillie E., Manoukian S.V., Berger P.B., Tanguay J.-F., Cannon C.P., Topol E.J. Platelet Reactivity and Cardiovascular Outcomes After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Circulation. 2011;124:1132–1137. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.029165.
    1. Alexopoulos D., Xenogiannis I., Vlachakis P., Tantry U., Gurbel P.A. Peri-Procedural Platelet Reactivity in Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Thromb. Haemost. 2018;118:1131–1140. doi: 10.1055/s-0038-1649484.
    1. Thomas M.R., Storey R.F. The role of platelets in inflammation. Thromb. Haemost. 2015;114:449–458. doi: 10.1160/th14-12-1067.
    1. Gleissner C.A., von Hundelshausen P., Ley K. Platelet chemokines in vascular disease. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2008;28:1920–1927. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.108.169417.
    1. Kasper B., Petersen F. Molecular pathways of platelet factor 4/CXCL4 signaling. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 2011;90:521–526. doi: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2010.12.002.
    1. Matsumoto K., Yasuoka H., Yoshimoto K., Suzuki K., Takeuchi T. Platelet CXCL4 mediates neutrophil extracellular traps formation in ANCA-associated vasculitis. Sci. Rep. 2021;11:222. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-80685-4.
    1. Michelson A.D., Barnard M.R., Krueger L.A., Valeri C.R., Furman M.I. Circulating Monocyte-Platelet Aggregates Are a More Sensitive Marker of In Vivo Platelet Activation Than Platelet Surface P-Selectin. Circulation. 2001;104:1533–1537. doi: 10.1161/hc3801.095588.
    1. Lisman T. Platelet-neutrophil interactions as drivers of inflammatory and thrombotic disease. Cell Tissue Res. 2018;371:567–576. doi: 10.1007/s00441-017-2727-4.
    1. Badrnya S., Schrottmaier W.C., Kral J.B., Yaiw K.C., Volf I., Schabbauer G., Söderberg-Nauclér C., Assinger A. Platelets mediate oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced monocyte extravasation and foam cell formation. Arter. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2014;34:571–580. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.113.302919.
    1. Chatterjee M., von Ungern-Sternberg S.N., Seizer P., Schlegel F., Büttcher M., Sindhu N.A., Müller S., Mack A., Gawaz M. Platelet-derived CXCL12 regulates monocyte function, survival, differentiation into macrophages and foam cells through differential involvement of CXCR4-CXCR7. Cell Death Dis. 2015;6:e1989. doi: 10.1038/cddis.2015.233.
    1. Passacquale G., Vamadevan P., Pereira L., Hamid C., Corrigall V., Ferro A. Monocyte-Platelet Interaction Induces a Pro-Inflammatory Phenotype in Circulating Monocytes. PLoS ONE. 2011;6:e25595. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025595.
    1. Grebe A., Hoss F., Latz E. NLRP3 Inflammasome and the IL-1 Pathway in Atherosclerosis. Circ. Res. 2018;122:1722–1740. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.311362.
    1. Tsimikas S., Lau H.K., Han K.R., Shortal B., Miller E.R., Segev A., Curtiss L.K., Witztum J.L., Strauss B.H. Percutaneous coronary intervention results in acute increases in oxidized phospholipids and lipoprotein(a): Short-term and long-term immunologic responses to oxidized low-density lipoprotein. Circulation. 2004;109:3164–3170. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000130844.01174.55.
    1. Robertson S., Martínez G.J., Payet C.A., Barraclough J.Y., Celermajer D.S., Bursill C., Patel S. Colchicine therapy in acute coronary syndrome patients acts on caspase-1 to suppress NLRP3 inflammasome monocyte activation. Clin. Sci. 2016;130:1237–1246. doi: 10.1042/CS20160090.
    1. Zhu J., Wu S., Hu S., Li H., Li M., Geng X., Wang H. NLRP3 inflammasome expression in peripheral blood monocytes of coronary heart disease patients and its modulation by rosuvastatin. Mol. Med. Rep. 2019;20:1826–1836. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10382.
    1. Martínez G.J., Celermajer D.S., Patel S. The NLRP3 inflammasome and the emerging role of colchicine to inhibit atherosclerosis-associated inflammation. Atherosclerosis. 2018;269:262–271. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.12.027.
    1. Kahlenberg J.M., Carmona-Rivera C., Smith C.K., Kaplan M.J. Neutrophil extracellular trap-associated protein activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome is enhanced in lupus macrophages. J Immunol. 2013;190:1217–1226. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202388.
    1. Liu T., Zhang L., Joo D., Sun S.-C. NF-κB signaling in inflammation. Signal Transduct. Target. Ther. 2017;2:17023. doi: 10.1038/sigtrans.2017.23.
    1. Chamberlain J., Gunn J., Francis S., Holt C., Crossman D. Temporal and spatial distribution of interleukin-1β in balloon injured porcine coronary arteries. Cardiovasc. Res. 1999;44:156–165. doi: 10.1016/S0008-6363(99)00175-3.
    1. Zeng M., Yan H., Chen Y., Zhao H.J., Lv Y., Liu C., Zhou P., Zhao B. Suppression of NF-κB reduces myocardial no-reflow. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e47306. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047306.
    1. Libby P., Rocha V.Z. All roads lead to IL-6: A central hub of cardiometabolic signaling. Int. J. Cardiol. 2018;259:213–215. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.02.062.
    1. Collaboration I.R.G.C.E.R.F., Sarwar N., Butterworth A.S., Freitag D.F., Gregson J., Willeit P., Gorman D.N., Gao P., Saleheen D., Rendon A., et al. Interleukin-6 receptor pathways in coronary heart disease: A collaborative meta-analysis of 82 studies. Lancet. 2012;379:1205–1213. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61931-4.
    1. Ridker P.M. From C-Reactive Protein to Interleukin-6 to Interleukin-1: Moving Upstream To Identify Novel Targets for Atheroprotection. Circ Res. 2016;118:145–156. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.115.306656.
    1. Hojo Y., Ikeda U., Katsuki T., Mizuno O., Fukazawa H., Kurosaki K., Fujikawa H., Shimada K. Interleukin 6 expression in coronary circulation after coronary angioplasty as a risk factor for restenosis. Heart. 2000;84:83–87. doi: 10.1136/heart.84.1.83.
    1. Ramadan M.M., Kodama M., Mitsuma W., Ito M., Kashimura T., Ikrar T., Hirono S., Okura Y., Aizawa Y. Impact of percutaneous coronary intervention on the levels of interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein in the coronary circulation of subjects with coronary artery disease. Am. J. Cardiol. 2006;98:915–917. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.04.034.
    1. Aggarwal A., Schneider D.J., Terrien E.F., Gilbert K.E., Dauerman H.L. Increase in Interleukin-6 in the First Hour after Coronary Stenting: An Early Marker of the Inflammatory Response. J. Thromb. Thrombolysis. 2003;15:25–31. doi: 10.1023/A:1026188200939.
    1. Saleh N., Svane B., Jensen J., Hansson L.O., Nordin M., Tornvall P. Stent implantation, but not pathogen burden, is associated with plasma C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 levels after percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with stable angina pectoris. Am. Heart J. 2005;149:876–882. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2004.07.039.
    1. Ritschel V.N., Seljeflot I., Arnesen H., Halvorsen S., Weiss T., Eritsland J., Andersen G.Ø. IL-6 signalling in patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Results Immunol. 2013;4:8–13. doi: 10.1016/j.rinim.2013.11.002.
    1. Schuett H., Oestreich R., Waetzig G.H., Annema W., Luchtefeld M., Hillmer A., Bavendiek U., von Felden J., Divchev D., Kempf T., et al. Transsignaling of interleukin-6 crucially contributes to atherosclerosis in mice. Arter. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2012;32:281–290. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.111.229435.
    1. Kaminski K.A., Kozuch M., Bonda T., Wojtkowska I., Kozieradzka A., Dobrzycki S., Kralisz P., Nowak K., Prokopczuk P., Winnicka M.M., et al. Coronary sinus concentrations of interleukin 6 and its soluble receptors are affected by reperfusion and may portend complications in patients with myocardial infarction. Atherosclerosis. 2009;206:581–587. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.03.033.
    1. Ong S.-B., Hernández-Reséndiz S., Crespo-Avilan G.E., Mukhametshina R.T., Kwek X.-Y., Cabrera-Fuentes H.A., Hausenloy D.J. Inflammation following acute myocardial infarction: Multiple players, dynamic roles, and novel therapeutic opportunities. Pharmacol. Ther. 2018;186:73–87. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.01.001.
    1. Kothari P., Pestana R., Mesraoua R., Elchaki R., Khan K.M., Dannenberg A.J., Falcone D.J. IL-6-mediated induction of matrix metalloproteinase-9 is modulated by JAK-dependent IL-10 expression in macrophages. J. Immunol. 2014;192:349–357. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301906.
    1. Polyakova V., Loeffler I., Hein S., Miyagawa S., Piotrowska I., Dammer S., Risteli J., Schaper J., Kostin S. Fibrosis in endstage human heart failure: Severe changes in collagen metabolism and MMP/TIMP profiles. Int. J. Cardiol. 2011;151:18–33. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2010.04.053.
    1. Wagner D.R., Delagardelle C., Ernens I., Rouy D., Vaillant M., Beissel J. Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Is a Marker of Heart Failure After Acute Myocardial Infarction. J. Card. Fail. 2006;12:66–72. doi: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2005.08.002.
    1. Van Tassell B.W., Raleigh J.M.V., Abbate A. Targeting Interleukin-1 in Heart Failure and Inflammatory Heart Disease. Curr. Heart Fail. Rep. 2015;12:33–41. doi: 10.1007/s11897-014-0231-7.
    1. Harouki N., Nicol L., Remy-Jouet I., Henry J.-P., Dumesnil A., Lejeune A., Renet S., Golding F., Djerada Z., Wecker D., et al. The IL-1β Antibody Gevokizumab Limits Cardiac Remodeling and Coronary Dysfunction in Rats With Heart Failure. JACC: Basic Transl. Sci. 2017;2:418–430. doi: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2017.06.005.
    1. Dibra A., Ndrepepa G., Mehilli J., Dirschinger J., Pache J., Schühlen H., Schömig A., Kastrati A. Comparison of C-Reactive Protein Levels Before and After Coronary Stenting and Restenosis Among Patients Treated With Sirolimus-Eluting Versus Bare Metal Stents. Am. J. Cardiol. 2005;95:1238–1240. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.01.055.
    1. Sardella G., Mariani P., D’Alessandro M., De Luca L., Pierro M., Mancone M., Porretta A., Accapezzato D., Fedele F., Paroli M. Early elevation of interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 levels after bare or drug-eluting stent implantation in patients with stable angina. Thromb. Res. 2006;117:659–664. doi: 10.1016/j.thromres.2005.06.002.
    1. Sakr S.A., Ramadan M.M., El-Gamal A. The inflammatory response to percutaneous coronary intervention is related to the technique of stenting and not the type of stent. Egypt. Heart J. 2016;68:37–43. doi: 10.1016/j.ehj.2015.02.004.
    1. Niccoli G., Montone R.A., Ferrante G., Crea F. The Evolving Role of Inflammatory Biomarkers in Risk Assessment After Stent Implantation. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2010;56:1783–1793. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.06.045.
    1. Tesfamariam B. Bioresorbable vascular scaffolds: Biodegradation, drug delivery and vascular remodeling. Pharmacol. Res. 2016;107:163–171. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.03.020.
    1. Wiviott S.D., Braunwald E., McCabe C.H., Montalescot G., Ruzyllo W., Gottlieb S., Neumann F.-J., Ardissino D., De Servi S., Murphy S.A., et al. Prasugrel versus Clopidogrel in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes. N. Engl. J. Med. 2007;357:2001–2015. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0706482.
    1. Shah B., Pillinger M., Zhong H., Cronstein B., Xia Y., Lorin J.D., Smilowitz N.R., Feit F., Ratnapala N., Keller N.M., et al. Effects of Acute Colchicine Administration Prior to Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: COLCHICINE-PCI Randomized Trial. Circ. Cardiovasc. Interv. 2020;13:e008717. doi: 10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.119.008717.
    1. Vivekananthan D.P., Bhatt D.L., Chew D.P., Zidar F.J., Chan A.W., Moliterno D.J., Ellis S.G., Topol E.J. Effect of clopidogrel pretreatment on periprocedural rise in C-reactive protein after percutaneous coronary intervention. Am. J. Cardiol. 2004;94:358–360. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2004.04.035.
    1. Schnorbus B., Daiber A., Jurk K., Warnke S., Koenig J., Lackner K.J., Münzel T., Gori T. Effects of clopidogrel vs. prasugrel vs. ticagrelor on endothelial function, inflammatory parameters, and platelet function in patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing coronary artery stenting: A randomized, blinded, parallel study. Eur. Heart J. 2020;41:3144–3152. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz917.
    1. Deftereos S., Giannopoulos G., Angelidis C., Alexopoulos N., Filippatos G., Papoutsidakis N., Sianos G., Goudevenos J., Alexopoulos D., Pyrgakis V., et al. Anti-Inflammatory Treatment With Colchicine in Acute Myocardial Infarction. Circulation. 2015;132:1395–1403. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.017611.
    1. Kleveland O., Kunszt G., Bratlie M., Ueland T., Broch K., Holte E., Michelsen A.E., Bendz B., Amundsen B.H., Espevik T., et al. Effect of a single dose of the interleukin-6 receptor antagonist tocilizumab on inflammation and troponin T release in patients with non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial. Eur. Heart J. 2016;37:2406–2413. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw171.
    1. Broch K., Anstensrud Anne K., Woxholt S., Sharma K., Tøllefsen Ingvild M., Bendz B., Aakhus S., Ueland T., Amundsen Brage H., Damås Jan K., et al. Randomized Trial of Interleukin-6 Receptor Inhibition in Patients With Acute ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2021;77:1845–1855. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.02.049.
    1. Holte E., Kleveland O., Ueland T., Kunszt G., Bratlie M., Broch K., Michelsen A.E., Bendz B., Amundsen B.H., Aakhus S., et al. Effect of interleukin-6 inhibition on coronary microvascular and endothelial function in myocardial infarction. Heart. 2017;103:1521. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2016-310875.
    1. George M.J., Kleveland O., Garcia-Hernandez J., Palmen J., Lovering R., Wiseth R., Aukrust P., Engmann J., Damas J.K., Hingorani A.D., et al. Novel Insights Into the Effects of Interleukin 6 Antagonism in Non-ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Employing the SOMAscan Proteomics Platform. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 2020;9:e015628. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.119.015628.
    1. Vaidya K., Martínez G., Patel S. The Role of Colchicine in Acute Coronary Syndromes. Clin. Ther. 2019;41:11–20. doi: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2018.07.023.
    1. Dalbeth N., Lauterio T.J., Wolfe H.R. Mechanism of Action of Colchicine in the Treatment of Gout. Clin. Ther. 2014;36:1465–1479. doi: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2014.07.017.
    1. Martínez G.J., Bailey B.P., Celermajer D.S., Patel S. A safe and easy technique to sample the coronary sinus--facilitating a closer look at cardiac disease. Int. J. Cardiol. 2014;176:1321–1322. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.07.151.
    1. Hennessy T., Soh L., Bowman M., Kurup R., Schultz C., Patel S., Hillis G.S. The Low Dose Colchicine after Myocardial Infarction (LoDoCo-MI) study: A pilot randomized placebo controlled trial of colchicine following acute myocardial infarction. Am. Heart J. 2019;215:62–69. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2019.06.003.
    1. Akodad M., Lattuca B., Nagot N., Georgescu V., Buisson M., Cristol J.P., Leclercq F., Macia J.C., Gervasoni R., Cung T.T., et al. COLIN trial: Value of colchicine in the treatment of patients with acute myocardial infarction and inflammatory response. Arch. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2017;110:395–402. doi: 10.1016/j.acvd.2016.10.004.
    1. Bresson D., Roubille F., Prieur C., Biere L., Ivanes F., Bouleti C., Dubreuil O., Rioufol G., Boutitie F., Sideris G., et al. Colchicine for Left Ventricular Infarct Size Reduction in Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Phase II, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Study Protocol—The COVERT-MI Study. Cardiology. 2021:1–10. doi: 10.1159/000512772.
    1. Bouabdallaoui N., Tardif J.-C., Waters D.D., Pinto F.J., Maggioni A.P., Diaz R., Berry C., Koenig W., Lopez-Sendon J., Gamra H., et al. Time-to-treatment initiation of colchicine and cardiovascular outcomes after myocardial infarction in the Colchicine Cardiovascular Outcomes Trial (COLCOT) Eur. Heart J. 2020;41:4092–4099. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa659.
    1. Kang S., Tanaka T., Narazaki M., Kishimoto T. Targeting Interleukin-6 Signaling in Clinic. Immunity. 2019;50:1007–1023. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.03.026.
    1. Anstensrud A.K., Woxholt S., Sharma K., Broch K., Bendz B., Aakhus S., Ueland T., Amundsen B.H., Damås J.K., Hopp E., et al. Rationale for the ASSAIL-MI-trial: A randomised controlled trial designed to assess the effect of tocilizumab on myocardial salvage in patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) Open Heart. 2019;6:e001108. doi: 10.1136/openhrt-2019-001108.
    1. Abbate A., Kontos M.C., Grizzard J.D., Biondi-Zoccai G.G.L., Van Tassell B.W., Robati R., Roach L.M., Arena R.A., Roberts C.S., Varma A., et al. Interleukin-1 Blockade With Anakinra to Prevent Adverse Cardiac Remodeling After Acute Myocardial Infarction (Virginia Commonwealth University Anakinra Remodeling Trial [VCU-ART] Pilot Study) Am. J. Cardiol. 2010;105:1371–1377.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.12.059.
    1. Abbate A., Van Tassell B.W., Biondi-Zoccai G., Kontos M.C., Grizzard J.D., Spillman D.W., Oddi C., Roberts C.S., Melchior R.D., Mueller G.H., et al. Effects of Interleukin-1 Blockade With Anakinra on Adverse Cardiac Remodeling and Heart Failure After Acute Myocardial Infarction [from the Virginia Commonwealth University-Anakinra Remodeling Trial (2) (VCU-ART2) Pilot Study] Am. J. Cardiol. 2013;111:1394–1400. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2013.01.287.
    1. Abbate A., Kontos M.C., Abouzaki N.A., Melchior R.D., Thomas C., Van Tassell B.W., Oddi C., Carbone S., Trankle C.R., Roberts C.S., et al. Comparative Safety of Interleukin-1 Blockade With Anakinra in Patients With ST-Segment Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction (from the VCU-ART and VCU-ART2 Pilot Studies) Am. J. Cardiol. 2015;115:288–292. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2014.11.003.
    1. Abbate A., Trankle Cory R., Buckley Leo F., Lipinski Michael J., Appleton D., Kadariya D., Canada Justin M., Carbone S., Roberts Charlotte S., Abouzaki N., et al. Interleukin-1 Blockade Inhibits the Acute Inflammatory Response in Patients With ST-Segment–Elevation Myocardial Infarction. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 2020;9:e014941. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.119.014941.
    1. Morton A.C., Rothman A.M.K., Greenwood J.P., Gunn J., Chase A., Clarke B., Hall A.S., Fox K., Foley C., Banya W., et al. The effect of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist therapy on markers of inflammation in non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes: The MRC-ILA Heart Study. Eur. Heart J. 2015;36:377–384. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu272.
    1. Sheriff A., Schindler R., Vogt B., Abdel-Aty H., Unger J.K., Bock C., Gebauer F., Slagman A., Jerichow T., Mans D., et al. Selective apheresis of C-reactive protein: A new therapeutic option in myocardial infarction? J. Clin. Apher. 2015;30:15–21. doi: 10.1002/jca.21344.
    1. Ries W., Torzewski J., Heigl F., Pfluecke C., Kelle S., Darius H., Ince H., Mitzner S., Nordbeck P., Butter C., et al. C-Reactive Protein Apheresis as Anti-inflammatory Therapy in Acute Myocardial Infarction: Results of the CAMI-1 Study. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2021;8:591714. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.591714.
    1. Hara T., Fukuda D., Tanaka K., Higashikuni Y., Hirata Y., Nishimoto S., Yagi S., Yamada H., Soeki T., Wakatsuki T., et al. Rivaroxaban, a novel oral anticoagulant, attenuates atherosclerotic plaque progression and destabilization in ApoE-deficient mice. Atherosclerosis. 2015;242:639–646. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.03.023.
    1. Zhou Q.X., Bea F., Preusch M., Wang H.J., Isermann B., Shahzad K., Katus H.A., Blessing E. Evaluation of Plaque Stability of Advanced Atherosclerotic Lesions in Apo E-Deficient Mice after Treatment with the Oral Factor Xa Inhibitor Rivaroxaban. Mediat. Inflamm. 2011;2011:9. doi: 10.1155/2011/432080.
    1. Ellinghaus P., Perzborn E., Hauenschild P., Gerdes C., Heitmeier S., Visser M., Summer H., Laux V. Expression of pro-inflammatory genes in human endothelial cells: Comparison of rivaroxaban and dabigatran. Thromb. Res. 2016;142:44–51. doi: 10.1016/j.thromres.2016.04.008.

Source: PubMed

Sponsorer og samarbeidspartnere

Medisinsk tilstand

Legemiddelintervensjoner

3
Abonnere