Perceptions of weight status and energy balance behaviors among patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Natalia I Heredia, Ruchi Gaba, Yan Liu, Shilpa Jain, Manasi Rungta, Manav Rungta, Hashem B El-Serag, Fasiha Kanwal, Aaron P Thrift, Maya Balakrishnan, Natalia I Heredia, Ruchi Gaba, Yan Liu, Shilpa Jain, Manasi Rungta, Manav Rungta, Hashem B El-Serag, Fasiha Kanwal, Aaron P Thrift, Maya Balakrishnan
Abstract
Weight loss through behavioral modification is central to treating non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). To achieve this, patients need to accurately self-perceive their health behaviors. We aimed to identify predictors of concordance between self-perception and objective measures of body weight, physical activity (PA) and dietary behaviors. We used data from the Harris County NAFLD Cohort, an ongoing prospective study in a regional safety-net healthcare system. Patients completed self-administered baseline questionnaires on demographics, diet, PA, and self-perceptions. We assessed concordance between actual and self-perceived body weight and energy-balance behaviors. Multivariable logistic regression identified predictors of concordance. Patients (n = 458; average age 46.5 years) were 90% Hispanic and 76% female. PA and fruit/vegetable intake guidelines were met among 37% and 9%, respectively. Most (89%) overweight/obese patients accurately perceived themselves as such. However, 41% of insufficiently-active and 34% of patients not meeting fruit/vegetable intake guidelines inaccurately self-perceived their behaviors as "just right". Women were 3 times more likely to accurately self-perceive weight status (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 3.24; 95% CI 1.68-6.25) but 51% less likely to accurately self-perceive PA levels than men (AOR 0.49; 95% CI 0.29-0.81). Lower acculturation was associated with higher odds of accurate PA self-perception. Patients with prediabetes or diabetes vs normoglycemia were more likely to accurately self-perceive their fruit/vegetable intake. Most NAFLD patients accurately self-perceived their body weight. A third or more of those not meeting fruit/vegetable intake or PA guidelines had inaccurate perceptions about their behaviors. Our findings highlight key areas to target in NAFLD-specific behavioral modification programs.
Conflict of interest statement
The authors declare no competing interests.
© 2022. The Author(s).
References
- Wong RJ, Aguilar M, Cheung R, et al. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is the second leading etiology of liver disease among adults awaiting liver transplantation in the United States. Gastroenterology. 2015;148(3):547–555.
- Makarova-Rusher OV, Altekruse SF, McNeel TS, et al. Population attributable fractions of risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States. Cancer. 2016;122(11):1757–1765.
- Younossi ZM, Otgonsuren M, Henry L, et al. Association of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the United States from 2004 to 2009. Hepatology. 2015;62(6):1723–1730.
- Stepanova M, Younossi ZM. Independent association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular disease in the US population. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2012;10(6):646–650.
- Friedman SL, Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Rinella M, Sanyal AJ. Mechanisms of NAFLD development and therapeutic strategies. Nat. Med. 2018;24(7):908–922.
- Younossi ZM, Koenig AB, Abdelatif D, Fazel Y, Henry L, Wymer M. Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease—meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes. Hepatology. 2016;64(1):73–84.
- Balakrishnan M, Patel P, Dunn-Valadez S, et al. Women have lower risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease but higher risk of progression vs men: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. (2020).
- Keating SE, Hackett DA, George J, Johnson NA. Exercise and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Hepatol. 2012;57(1):157–166.
- Vilar-Gomez E, Martinez-Perez Y, Calzadilla-Bertot L, et al. Weight loss through lifestyle modification significantly reduces features of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Gastroenterology. 2015;149(2):367–378.
- Marchesini G, Petta S, Dalle GR. Diet, weight loss, and liver health in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Pathophysiology, evidence, and practice. Hepatology. 2016;63(6):2032–2043.
- Chalasani N, Younossi Z, Lavine JE, et al. The diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: practice guidance from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology. 2018;67(1):328–357.
- Marshall SJ, Biddle SJ. The transtheoretical model of behavior change: A meta-analysis of applications to physical activity and exercise. Ann. Behav. Med. 2001;23(4):229–246.
- Prochaska JO, Redding CA, Evers KE. The transtheoretical model and stages of change. In: Glanz K, Rimer B, Wiswanath K, editors. Health behavior: Theory, research, and practice. 5. John Wiley & Sons, Inc; 2015. pp. 125–148.
- Rich NE, Oji S, Mufti AR, et al. Racial and ethnic disparities in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease prevalence, severity, and outcomes in the United States: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2018;16(2):198–210.
- Dorsey RR, Eberhardt MS, Ogden CL. Racial and ethnic differences in weight management behavior by weight perception status. Ethn. Dis. 2010;20(3):244.
- Kuchler F, Variyam JN. Mistakes were made: misperception as a barrier to reducing overweight. Int. J. Obes. 2003;27(7):856–861.
- Cui Z, Stevens J, Truesdale KP, Zeng D, French S, Gordon-Larsen P. Prediction of body mass index using concurrently self-reported or previously measured height and weight. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(11):7288.
- Lemon SC, Goins KV, Schneider KL, et al. Municipal officials' participation in built environment policy development in the United States. Am. J. Health Promot. 2015;30(1):42–49.
- Langellier BA, Glik D, Ortega AN, Prelip ML. Trends in racial/ethnic disparities in overweight self-perception among US adults, 1988–1994 and 1999–2008. Public Health Nutr. 2015;18(12):2115–2125.
- Ahluwalia IB, Ford ES, Link M, Bolen JC. Acculturation, weight, and weight-related behaviors among Mexican Americans in the United States. Ethn. Dis. 2007;17(4):643.
- DeSalvo KB, Olson R, Casavale KO. Dietary guidelines for Americans. JAMA. 2016;315(5):457–458.
- Piercy KL, Troiano RP, Ballard RM, et al. The physical activity guidelines for Americans. JAMA. 2018;320(19):2020–2028.
- Babor, T.F., Higgins-Biddle, J.C., Saunders, J.B., & Monteiro, M.G. AUDIT: The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test: Guidelines for use in primary health care. World Health Organization (2001).
- World Health Organization . Obesity: Preventing and managing the global epidemic: Report of a WHO consultation. World Health Organization; 2000. p. 9241208945.
- Topolski TD, LoGerfo J, Patrick DL, Williams B, Walwick J, Patrick MMB. Peer reviewed: The Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity (RAPA) among older adults. Prev. Chronic. Dis. 2006;3(4):1.
- Vega-López S, Chavez A, Farr KJ, Ainsworth BE. Validity and reliability of two brief physical activity questionnaires among Spanish-speaking individuals of Mexican descent. BMC. Res. Notes. 2014;7(1):29.
- American College of Sports Medicine . ACSM's guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. 10. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2017.
- Smith TM, Calloway EE, Pinard CA, et al. Using secondary 24-hour dietary recall data to estimate daily dietary factor intake from the FLASHE study dietary screener. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2017;52(6):856–862.
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. December 2015.
- National Cancer Institute. 2014 Family Life, Activity, Sun, Health and Eating (FLASHE) Survey Data. In. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute.
- Gleason, P., Rangarajan, A., Olson, C.M. Dietary intake and dietary attitudes among food stamp participants and other low-income individuals. Mathematica Policy Research, Incorporated (2000).
- Obayashi S, Bianchi LJ, Song WO. Reliability and validity of nutrition knowledge, social-psychological factors, and food label use scales from the 1995 Diet and Health Knowledge Survey. J. Nutr. Educ. Behav. 2003;35(2):83–92.
- Capps O, Cleveland L, Park J. Dietary behaviors associated with total fat and saturated fat intake. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 2002;102(4):490–502.
- U.S. Department of Agriculture ARS. Diet and Health Knowledge Survey 1994–1996. . Accessed May 18 2015.
- Oppen, M., Sugerman, S., & Foerster, S. Fruit and vegetable consumption in California adults: Ten-year highlights from the california dietary practices surveys 1989–1999. In Sacramento, CA: California Department of Health Services, Cancer Prevention and Nutrition Section (2002).
- Johns DJ, Hartmann-Boyce J, Jebb SA, Aveyard P, Group BWMR Diet or exercise interventions vs combined behavioral weight management programs: A systematic review and meta-analysis of direct comparisons. J. Acad. Nutr. Diet. 2014;114(10):1557–1568.
- Jansink R, Braspenning J, Keizer E, Van Der Weijden T, Elwyn G, Grol R. Misperception of patients with type 2 diabetes about diet and physical activity, and its effects on readiness to change. J. Diabetes. 2012;4(4):417–423.
- Liver EAftSot, Diabetes EAftSo. EASL-EASD-EASO Clinical practice guidelines for the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J. Hepatol.64(6), 1388–1402 (2016).
- Eslam M, Sarin SK, Wong VW-S, et al. The Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of metabolic associated fatty liver disease. Hepatol. Int. 2020;1:1–31.
- Bamia C, Lagiou P, Jenab M, et al. Fruit and vegetable consumption in relation to hepatocellular carcinoma in a multi-centre, European cohort study. Br. J. Cancer. 2015;112(7):1273–1282.
- Yang Y, Zhang D, Feng N, et al. Increased intake of vegetables, but not fruit, reduces risk for hepatocellular carcinoma: A meta-analysis. Gastroenterology. 2014;147(5):1031–1042.
- Akhlaghi M, Ghasemi-Nasab M, Riasatian M. Mediterranean diet for patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational and clinical investigations. J. Diabetes Metab. Disord. 2020;19(1):575–584.
- Guveli H, Kenger EB, Ozlu T, Kaya E, Yilmaz Y. Macro-and micronutrients in metabolic (dysfunction) associated fatty liver disease: Association between advanced fibrosis and high dietary intake of cholesterol/saturated fatty acids. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2021;33:390.
- Vos MB, Lavine JE. Dietary fructose in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 2013;57(6):2525–2531.
- Lim JS, Mietus-Snyder M, Valente A, Schwarz J-M, Lustig RH. The role of fructose in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and the metabolic syndrome. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2010;7(5):251.
- Jiao J, Watt GP, Lee M, et al. Cirrhosis and advanced fibrosis in Hispanics in Texas: The dominant contribution of central obesity. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(3):1.
- Gardner RM. Weight status and the perception of body image in men. Psychol. Res. Behav. Manag. 2014;7:175.
- Balakrishnan M, Kanwal F, El-Serag HB, Thrift AP. Acculturation and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease risk among hispanics of mexican origin: Findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2017;15(2):310–312.
- Crespo CJ, Smit E, Carter-Pokras O, Andersen R. Acculturation and leisure-time physical inactivity in Mexican American adults: results from NHANES III, 1988–1994. Am. J. Public Health. 2001;91(8):1254–1257.
- Abraido-Lanza AF, Chao MT, Florez KR. Do healthy behaviors decline with greater acculturation? Implications for the Latino mortality paradox. Soc. Sci. Med. 2005;61(6):1243–1255.
- Adams SA, Matthews CE, Ebbeling CB, et al. The effect of social desirability and social approval on self-reports of physical activity. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2005;161(4):389–398.
- Prince SA, Adamo KB, Hamel ME, Hardt J, Gorber SC, Tremblay M. A comparison of direct versus self-report measures for assessing physical activity in adults: A systematic review. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2008;5(1):56.
- Centis E, Moscatiello S, Bugianesi E, et al. Stage of change and motivation to healthier lifestyle in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J. Hepatol. 2013;58(4):771–777.
- Dhaliwal HS, Singh R, Abraham AM, et al. Perception of illness and its association with treatment willingness in patients with newly diagnosed nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Dig. Dis. Sci. 2021;66:1–11.
- Frith J, Day CP, Robinson L, Elliott C, Jones DE, Newton JL. Potential strategies to improve uptake of exercise interventions in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J. Hepatol. 2010;52(1):112–116.
- Heredia, N.I., Thrift, A.P., & Balakrishnan, M. Perceived barriers to weight loss among hispanic patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Hisp. Health Care Int. 15404153211043885 (2021).
- O’Gorman P, Monaghan A, McGrath M, Naimimohasses S, Gormley J, Norris S. Determinants of physical activity engagement in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: The need for an individualized approach to lifestyle interventions. Phys. Ther. 2021;101(2):195.
- Stewart KE, Haller DL, Sargeant C, Levenson JL, Puri P, Sanyal AJ. Readiness for behaviour change in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Implications for multidisciplinary care models. Liver Int. 2015;35(3):936–943.
- Stine JG, Soriano C, Schreibman I, et al. Breaking down barriers to physical activity in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Dig. Dis. Sci. 2020;1:1–8.
- Zelber-Sagi S, Bord S, Dror-Lavi G, et al. Role of illness perception and self-efficacy in lifestyle modification among non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients. World J. Gastroenterol. 2017;23(10):1881.
- Eslam M, Newsome PN, Anstee QM, et al. A new definition for metabolic associated fatty liver disease: An international expert consensus statement. J. Hepatol. 2020;1:1.
Source: PubMed