Impact of sleep patterns upon female neuroendocrinology and reproductive outcomes: a comprehensive review

Gabriela Beroukhim, Ecem Esencan, David B Seifer, Gabriela Beroukhim, Ecem Esencan, David B Seifer

Abstract

Sleep is vital to human bodily function. Growing evidence indicates that sleep deprivation, disruption, dysrhythmia, and disorders are associated with impaired reproductive function and poor clinical outcomes in women. These associations are largely mediated by molecular-genetic and hormonal pathways, which are crucial for the complex and time sensitive processes of hormone synthesis/secretion, folliculogenesis, ovulation, fertilization, implantation, and menstruation. Pathologic sleep patterns are closely linked to menstrual irregularity, polycystic ovarian syndrome, premature ovarian insufficiency, sub/infertility, and early pregnancy loss. Measures of success with assisted reproductive technology are also lower among women who engage in shift work, or experience sleep disruption or short sleep duration. Extremes of sleep duration, poor sleep quality, sleep disordered breathing, and shift work are also associated with several harmful conditions in pregnancy, including gestational diabetes and hypertensive disorders. While accumulating evidence implicates pathologic sleep patterns in impaired reproductive function and poor reproductive outcomes, additional research is needed to determine causality and propose therapeutic interventions.

Keywords: Circadian rhythm; Fertility; Infertility; Neuroendocrinology; Reproduction; Reproductive hormones; Sleep; Sleep disturbance.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

© 2022. The Author(s).

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Organization of the circadian clock within the hypothalamic–pituitary–ovarian axis. Afferent neuronal tracts of the photosensitive ganglion cells of the retina convey light–dark input to the SCN, composing the endogenous molecular clock. The circadian clock works at the HPG axis by means of transcription and translation feedback loops to convey temporal signals to organs and tissues to carry out vital homeostatic functions. The Clock-Bmal1 dimer activates the transcription of Clock-related genes, the products of which mediate various reproductive processes

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