Human monkeypox virus: An updated review

Nawal Adnan, Zargham Ul Haq, Asmara Malik, Asim Mehmood, Uzma Ishaq, Maria Faraz, Jahanzeb Malik, Amin Mehmoodi, Nawal Adnan, Zargham Ul Haq, Asmara Malik, Asim Mehmood, Uzma Ishaq, Maria Faraz, Jahanzeb Malik, Amin Mehmoodi

Abstract

The human monkeypox is an emerging zoonotic orthopoxvirus with a clinical presentation similar to that of smallpox. It is difficult to differentiate monkeypox from other orthopedic infections, and laboratory diagnosis is the primary component of disease identification and monitoring. However, current diagnostics are time-consuming, and new tests are needed for rapid and precise diagnosis. Most cases have been reported in Central Africa; however, an increasing number of cases have been reported in Europe, the United States of America (USA), Australia, and the United Arab Emirates. Although investigation of the current global outbreak is still ongoing, viral transmission seems to have occurred during crowded events in Spain and Belgium. New therapeutics and vaccines are being deployed for the treatment and prevention of monkeypox, and more research on the epidemiology, biology, and ecology of the virus in endemic areas is required to understand and prevent further global outbreaks.

Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of interest: Authors have no funding and conflict of interests to disclose.

Copyright © 2022 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Case-fatality rates of common viral infections. (Adapted from “Case fatality rates of common viral infections”, by biorender.com).
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Geographic distribution of monkeypox. Reference: World Health Organization (June 17,2022). Disease Outbreak News; Multi-country monkeypox outbreak in nonendemic countries: Update. Available at: https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON393 (By permission of WHO).[21]
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
How is the virus spread? (Created with biorender.com).
Figure 4.
Figure 4.
Clinical features of human monkeypox infection. (Created with biorender.com).

References

    1. Sklenovská N, Van Ranst M. Emergence of monkeypox as the most important orthopoxvirus infection in humans. Front Public Health. 2018;6:241.
    1. Jezek Z, Marennikova SS, Mutumbo M, et al. . Human monkeypox: a study of 2,510 contacts of 214 patients. J Infect Dis. 1986;154:551–5.
    1. Huhn GD, Bauer AM, Yorita K, et al. . Clinical characteristics of human monkeypox, and risk factors for severe disease. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41:1742–51.
    1. Durski KN, McCollum AM, Nakazawa Y, et al. . Emergence of Monkeypox − West and Central Africa, 1970-2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018;67:306–10.
    1. Di Giulio DB, Eckburg PB. Human monkeypox: an emerging zoonosis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2004;4:15–25.
    1. McCollum AM, Damon IK. Human monkeypox. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58:260–7.
    1. Hutin YJ, Williams RJ, Malfait P, et al. . Outbreak of human monkeypox, Democratic Republic of Congo, 1996 to 1997. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7:434–8.
    1. Likos AM, Sammons SA, Olson VA, et al. . A tale of two clades: monkeypox viruses. J Gen Virol. 2005;86:2661–72.
    1. Reynolds MG, Damon IK. Outbreaks of human monkeypox after cessation of smallpox vaccination. Trends Microbiol. 2012;20:80–7.
    1. Yinka-Ogunleye A, Aruna O, Ogoina D, et al. . Reemergence of Human Monkeypox in Nigeria, 2017. Emerg Infect Dis. 2018;24:1149–51.
    1. Jezek Z, Szczeniowski M, Paluku KM, et al. . Human monkeypox: clinical features of 282 patients. J Infect Dis. 1987;156:293–8.
    1. Vaughan A, Aarons E, Astbury J, et al. . Human-to-human transmission of monkeypox virus, United Kingdom, October 2018. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;26:782–5.
    1. Beer EM, Rao VB. A systematic review of the epidemiology of human monkeypox outbreaks and implications for outbreak strategy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2019;13:e0007791.
    1. Shchelkunov SN, Totmenin AV, Safronov PF, et al. . Analysis of the monkeypox virus genome. Virology. 2002;297:172–94.
    1. Yinka-Ogunleye A, Aruna O, Dalhat M, et al. . CDC Monkeypox Outbreak Team. Outbreak of human monkeypox in Nigeria in 2017–18: a clinical and epidemiological report. Lancet Infect Dis. 2019;19:872–9.
    1. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. Monkeypox: a neglected old foe. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022;22:S1473–3099.
    1. Erez N, Achdout H, Milrot E, et al. . Diagnosis of Imported Monkeypox, Israel, 2018. Emerg Infect Dis. 2019;25:980–3.
    1. Taylor L. Monkeypox: WHO to rename disease to prevent stigma. BMJ[Internet]. 2022;377:o1489. Available at: [access date June 18, 2022].
    1. WHO. Monkeypox [Internet]. World Health Organisation. Available at: [access date June 18, 2022].
    1. Moore M, Zahra F. Monkeypox. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing, 2022. Available at: [access date May 18, 2022].
    1. World Health Organization. Disease Outbreak News; Multi-country monkeypox outbreak in non-endemic countries: Update. Jun 2022. Available at:
    1. Multi-country monkeypox outbreak: situation update [Internet]. Available at: [access date June 18, 2022].
    1. Heymann DL, Szczeniowski M, Esteves K. Re-emergence of monkeypox in Africa: a review of the past six years. Br Med Bull. 1998;54:693–702.

Source: PubMed

Sponsorer og samarbeidspartnere

Medisinsk tilstand

Legemiddelintervensjoner

3
Abonnere