Reactive Oxygen Species-Induced Lipid Peroxidation in Apoptosis, Autophagy, and Ferroptosis

Lian-Jiu Su, Jia-Hao Zhang, Hernando Gomez, Raghavan Murugan, Xing Hong, Dongxue Xu, Fan Jiang, Zhi-Yong Peng, Lian-Jiu Su, Jia-Hao Zhang, Hernando Gomez, Raghavan Murugan, Xing Hong, Dongxue Xu, Fan Jiang, Zhi-Yong Peng

Abstract

Reactive oxygen species- (ROS-) induced lipid peroxidation plays a critical role in cell death including apoptosis, autophagy, and ferroptosis. This fundamental and conserved mechanism is based on an excess of ROS which attacks biomembranes, propagates lipid peroxidation chain reactions, and subsequently induces different types of cell death. A highly evolved sophisticated antioxidant system exists that acts to protect the cells from oxidative damage. In this review, we discussed how ROS propagate lipid peroxidation chain reactions and how the products of lipid peroxidation initiate apoptosis and autophagy in current models. We also discussed the mechanism of lipid peroxidation during ferroptosis, and we summarized lipid peroxidation in pathological conditions of critical illness. We aim to bring a more global and integrative sight to know how different ROS-induced lipid peroxidation occurs among apoptosis, autophagy, and ferroptosis.

Conflict of interest statement

None of the other authors declared any conflict of interest in this work.

Copyright © 2019 Lian-Jiu Su et al.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Generation of ROS and lipid peroxidation in cell death. (a) Generation of ROS; ROS are derived from superoxide radical, whose formation is mainly through NADPH oxidases, xanthine oxidase, and the mitochondrial electron-transport chain. Polyunsaturated fatty acids containing phospholipids can generate alkoxyl (RO·) radicals by Fenton chemistry reaction. (b) The products of lipid peroxidation induce apoptosis and autophagy via different pathways. (c) GPX4 activity decreases and a depletion of GSH causes lipid peroxidation and consequently to ferroptosis.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Antioxidant system protects cell from ROS-induced lipid peroxidation.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Nonenzymatic autoxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. R is polyunsaturated fatty acids containing phospholipids; R· is an alkoxyl radical; ROO· is a peroxyl radical (ROO·); ROOH is a lipid hydroperoxide (ROOH); ROOR is PL-OO· to the bis-allylic position of another PL to form PL-OO-PL· dimers; ① means initiation stage; ② means propagation stage; ③ means termination stage.
Figure 4
Figure 4
The relationship among ROS, lipid peroxidation, and cell death.

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