Global epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma: an emphasis on demographic and regional variability

Katherine A McGlynn, Jessica L Petrick, W Thomas London, Katherine A McGlynn, Jessica L Petrick, W Thomas London

Abstract

Liver cancer is the second leading cause of global cancer mortality. The major risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are being addressed with success by prevention efforts. Vaccination against hepatitis B virus has reduced incidence of HCC in Taiwan and is partly responsible for lower rates in China. New infections with hepatitis C virus are low in developed countries because of prevention of posttransfusion infections and reduced exposure to HCV by drug users. Aflatoxin exposure has been reduced by better grain storage and dietary changes. Obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes are increasing in developed and developing countries and will lead to more cases of HCC.

Keywords: Aflatoxin; Alcohol; Chemoprevention; Coffee; Diabetes; Hepatitis B virus; Hepatitis C virus; Incidence.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors have no conflicts to disclose.

Published by Elsevier Inc.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Age-adjusted incidences per 100,000 of liver cancer among men and women by region, 2003-2007. Age-adjusted to world standard. (Data from Ferlay J, Parkin DM, Curado MP, et al. Cancer incidence in five continents, volumes I to X: IARC CANCERBase No. 10 [Internet]. Available at: http://ci5.iarc.fr.)
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Age-adjusted trends in liver cancer incidence among men by region, 1978-1982 to 2003-2007. Age-adjusted to the world standard. (Data from Ferlay J, Parkin DM, Curado MP, et al. Cancer incidence in five continents, volumes I to X: IARC CANCERBase No. 10 [Internet]. Available at: http://ci5.iarc.fr.)
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Age-adjusted trends in liver cancer incidence among women by region, 1978-1982 to 2003-2007. Age-adjusted to the world standard. (Data from Ferlay J, Parkin DM, Curado MP, et al. Cancer incidence in five continents, volumes I to X: IARC CANCERBase No. 10 [Internet]. Available at: http://ci5.iarc.fr.)
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Age-adjusted Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) liver cancer incidence and US liver cancer mortality rates by year; 2000-2011. Age-adjusted to the US standard. CI, confidence interval. Trend indicates annual percent change (APC). Joinpoint regression defines when a trend changes. *Slope of trend differs from zero (p

Source: PubMed

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