Review of laser speckle contrast techniques for visualizing tissue perfusion

Matthijs Draijer, Erwin Hondebrink, Ton van Leeuwen, Wiendelt Steenbergen, Matthijs Draijer, Erwin Hondebrink, Ton van Leeuwen, Wiendelt Steenbergen

Abstract

When a diffuse object is illuminated with coherent laser light, the backscattered light will form an interference pattern on the detector. This pattern of bright and dark areas is called a speckle pattern. When there is movement in the object, the speckle pattern will change over time. Laser speckle contrast techniques use this change in speckle pattern to visualize tissue perfusion. We present and review the contribution of laser speckle contrast techniques to the field of perfusion visualization and discuss the development of the techniques.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
a, b and c Simulated blurred speckle patterns with an exposure time of 1, 5, and 25 ms respectively, d, e, and f conjugated contrast images, with contrast values calculated for 5 x 5 pixels. The contrast value is shown in the colorbar
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
C as a function of T/τc for a Lorentzian velocity distribution (solid), Gaussian velocity distribution (dashed) and alternate Gaussian velocity distribution (dotted)
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
a LASCA-setup with essential features. b Schematic overview of the way the contrast is calculated in LASCA. With the squares being pixels of a recorded image, the contrast in pixel (i,j) (dark grey) is determined by calculating the ratio of the standard deviation of the pixels in the pale grey nxn pixel area to the mean value of the pixels in this area. c Schematic overview of the way the contrast is calculated in LSI. In pixel (i,j) the contrast is calculated as the ratio of the standard deviation of the intensity at this pixel at different times, and the mean intensity for this pixel and d schematic overview of the way the contrast is calculated in LSFG. The mean blur rate (MBR) is determined by calculating the ratio of the mean value of the pixels in the pale gray area to mean difference of the central point (dark gray) and the pixels in the pale gray area
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
LASCA contrast maps of the heart of a chicken embryo. a taken with an integration time of 15 ms and b taken with an integration time of 40 ms. The black arrows indicate the heart and the major feeding vessel
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Comparison of three speckle contrast techniques discussed here with laser Doppler perfusion imaging. On the right hand of a volunteer a pattern was written with capsicum cream, a perfusion increasing cream, and imaged with the different techniques. a The inverse of the contrast determined with LASCA. b the inverse of the contrast determined with LSI. c MBR determined with LSFG and d the perfusion determined with LDPI. The contrast, MBR and perfusion values are shown in the colorbar

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