Serious game to promote socioemotional learning and mental health ( emoTIC): a study protocol for randomised controlled trial

Usue De la Barrera, Silvia Postigo-Zegarra, Estefanía Mónaco, José-Antonio Gil-Gómez, Inmaculada Montoya-Castilla, Usue De la Barrera, Silvia Postigo-Zegarra, Estefanía Mónaco, José-Antonio Gil-Gómez, Inmaculada Montoya-Castilla

Abstract

Introduction: The development of emotional competences may be a protective factor for mental health problems, promoting well-being at such a complex age as adolescence. Technologies may be used to carry out this empowerment because adolescents are attracted to them. The purpose of the study is to design a serious game based on the Mayer et al's emotional intelligence ability model and analyse the effectiveness of the emoTIC programme to develop emotional competences, well-being, mental health, and personal strengths immediately after completion and at 12 months.

Methods and analysis: The new version of emoTIC will be designed following the suggestions of the adolescents who participated in the pilot study and the results obtained from the statistical analysis. The participants will be 385 adolescents aged 11-16 years who will be randomly assigned to the control group and the experimental group. The experimental group will complete the emoTIC programme. The primary outcomes include emotional competences and subjective well-being. The secondary outcomes are self-esteem; general self-efficacy; personality; social and personal responsibility; school social climate; somatic complaints; depression, anxiety and stress symptoms; emotional and behavioural difficulties; suicidal behaviour; and subjective happiness. Data will be collected at three moments: baseline (T1), immediately post-intervention (T2) and 12-month follow-up (T3). The effectiveness of the programme will be analysed using different statistical packages.

Ethics and dissemination: The study has been approved by the Ethics Commission of the University of Valencia (H152865096049), and the standards of the Declaration of Helsinki to collect the data will be followed. Results will be disseminated across the scientific community.

Trial registration number: ClinicalTrials.gov Registry (NCT04414449).

Trial sponsor: University of Valencia. Principal investigator: Inmaculada Montoya-Castilla.

Keywords: child & adolescent psychiatry; community child health; depression & mood disorders; mental health.

Conflict of interest statement

Competing interests: None declared.

© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2021. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

References

    1. WHO . Adolescent mental health in the European region, 2018. Available:
    1. WHO . Suicide data, 2016. Available:
    1. WHO . Preventing suicide: global imperative, 2014. Available:
    1. Sawyer SM, Afifi RA, Bearinger LH, et al. . Adolescence: a foundation for future health. Lancet 2012;379:1630–40. 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60072-5
    1. de la Barrera U, Schoeps K, Gil-Gómez J-A, et al. . Predicting adolescent adjustment and well-being: the interplay between socio-emotional and personal factors. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019;16:4650. 10.3390/ijerph16234650
    1. Cejudo J, López-Delgado ML, Losada L. Effectiveness of the videogame “Spock” for the improvement of the emotional intelligence on psychosocial adjustment in adolescents. Comput Human Behav 2019;101:380–6. 10.1016/j.chb.2018.09.028
    1. Górriz Plumed AB, Prado-Gascó VJ, Villanueva Badenes L, et al. . Psychometric properties of the somatic complaints scale in Spanish children and adults. Psicothema 2015;27:269–76. 10.7334/psicothema2015.8
    1. Schoeps K, Villanueva L, Prado-Gascó VJ, et al. . Development of emotional skills in adolescents to prevent cyberbullying and improve subjective well-being. Front Psychol 2018;9:9. 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02050
    1. Lea RG, Davis SK, Mahoney B, et al. . Does emotional intelligence buffer the effects of acute stress? A systematic review. Front Psychol 2019;10:810. 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00810
    1. Domínguez-García E, Fernández-Berrocal P. The association between emotional intelligence and suicidal behavior: a systematic review. Front Psychol 2018;9:2380. 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02380
    1. Hodzic S, Scharfen J, Ripoll P, et al. . How efficient are emotional intelligence trainings: a meta-analysis. Emot Rev 2018;10:138–48. 10.1177/1754073917708613
    1. Viguer P, Cantero MJ, Bañuls R. Enhancing emotional intelligence at school: evaluation of the effectiveness of a two-year intervention program in Spanish pre-adolescents. Pers Individ Dif 2017;113:193–200. 10.1016/j.paid.2017.03.036
    1. Crenshaw DA. Therapeutic engagement of children and adolescents: play, symbol, drawing, and storytelling strategies. Jason Aronson, 2008.
    1. Almeida F. Adoption of a serious game in the developing of emotional intelligence skills. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 2019;10:30–43. 10.3390/ejihpe10010004
    1. Paiva ACR, Flores NH, Barbosa AG, et al. . iLearnTest – framework for educational games. Procedia Soc Behav Sci 2016;228:443–8. 10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.07.068
    1. Kreuze E, Jenkins C, Gregoski M, et al. . Technology-enhanced suicide prevention interventions: a systematic review. J Telemed Telecare 2017;23:605–17. 10.1177/1357633X16657928
    1. Grist R, Croker A, Denne M, et al. . Technology delivered interventions for depression and anxiety in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2019;22:147–71. 10.1007/s10567-018-0271-8
    1. Calear AL, Christensen H, Mackinnon A, et al. . The YouthMood project: a cluster randomized controlled trial of an online cognitive behavioral program with adolescents. J Consult Clin Psychol 2009;77:1021–32. 10.1037/a0017391
    1. Attwood M, Meadows S, Stallard P, et al. . Universal and targeted computerised cognitive behavioural therapy (think, feel, do) for emotional health in schools: results from two exploratory studies. Child Adolesc Ment Health 2012;17:173–8. 10.1111/j.1475-3588.2011.00627.x
    1. Manicavasagar V, Horswood D, Burckhardt R, et al. . Feasibility and effectiveness of a web-based positive psychology program for youth mental health: randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res 2014;16:e140. 10.2196/jmir.3176
    1. Kenny R, Dooley B, Fitzgerald A. Feasibility of "CopeSmart": a telemental health app for adolescents. JMIR Ment Health 2015;2:e22. 10.2196/mental.4370
    1. Kenny R, Fitzgerald A, Segurado R, et al. . Is there an app for that? A cluster randomised controlled trial of a mobile app-based mental health intervention. Health Informatics J 2020;26:1538–59. 10.1177/1460458219884195
    1. Ros-Morente A, Cabello Cuenca E, Filella Guiu G. Analysis of the effects of two gamified emotional education software’s in emotional and well-being variables in Spanish children and adolescents. Int. J. Emerg. Technol. Learn. 2018;13:148–59. 10.3991/ijet.v13i09.7841
    1. D’Amico A. The use of Technology in the promotion of Children’s Emotional Intelligence: The multimedia program “Developing Emotional Intelligence.”. Int J Emot Educ 2018;10:47–67.
    1. Cejudo J, Losada L, Feltrero R. Promoting social and emotional learning and subjective well‐being: impact of the “Aislados” intervention program in adolescents. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020;17:609. 10.3390/ijerph17020609
    1. David OA, Cardoș RAI, Matu S. Is REThink therapeutic game effective in preventing emotional disorders in children and adolescents? Outcomes of a randomized clinical trial. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2019;28:111–22. 10.1007/s00787-018-1192-2
    1. David OA, Cardoș RAI, Matu S. Changes in irrational beliefs are responsible for the efficacy of the REThink therapeutic game in preventing emotional disorders in children and adolescents: mechanisms of change analysis of a randomized clinical trial. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2019;28:307–18. 10.1007/s00787-018-1195-z
    1. David OA, Predatu R, Maffei A. Rethink online video game for children and adolescents: effects on state anxiety and frontal alpha asymmetry. Int J Cogn Ther 2021;14:399–416. 10.1007/s41811-020-00077-4
    1. David OA, Predatu R, Cardoș RAI. Effectiveness of the REThink therapeutic online video game in promoting mental health in children and adolescents. Internet Interv 2021;25:100391. 10.1016/j.invent.2021.100391
    1. Chan A-W, Tetzlaff JM, Altman DG, et al. . SPIRIT 2013 statement: defining standard protocol items for clinical trials. Ann Intern Med 2013;158:200–7. 10.7326/0003-4819-158-3-201302050-00583
    1. de la Barrera U, Mónaco E, Postigo-Zegarra S, et al. . EmoTIC: impact of a game-based social-emotional programme on adolescents. PLoS One 2021;16:e0250384. 10.1371/journal.pone.0250384
    1. De la Barrera U, Postigo Zegarra S, Tamarit A. Desarrollo de competencias socioemocionales mediante plataforma tecnológica (Programa emoTIC): Valoración de los beneficios del programa según los participantes [Development of socioemotional competencies through a technological platform (emoTIC Program): Assessment of the benefits of the program according to the participants]. Know Share Psychol 2020;1:241–55.
    1. Mayer JD, Salovey P. What is emotional intelligence? In: Salovey P, Sluyter D, eds. Emotional development and emotional intelligence: implications for educators. New York, NY: Basic Books, 1997: 3–31.
    1. Mayer JD, Caruso DR, Salovey P. The ability model of emotional intelligence: principles and updates. Emot Rev 2016;8:290–300. 10.1177/1754073916639667
    1. Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning . SEL: what are the core competence areas and where are they promoted? Available: [Accessed 25 Mar 2020].
    1. National Statistics Institute . Main series of population since 1998. Available: [Accessed 25 Mar 2020].
    1. Fernández-Berrocal P, Extremera N, Ramos N. Validity and reliability of the Spanish modified version of the trait meta-mood scale. Psychol Rep 2004;94:751–5. 10.2466/pr0.94.3.751-755
    1. Pedrosa I, Suárez-Álvarez J, Lozano LM. Assessing perceived emotional intelligence in adolescents: new validity evidence of trait Meta-Mood Scale–24. J Psychoeduc Assess 2014;32:737–46. 10.1177/0734282914539238
    1. Guerra-Bustamante J, León-del-Barco B, Yuste-Tosina R, et al. . Emotional intelligence and psychological well-being in adolescents. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019;16:1720–12. 10.3390/ijerph16101720
    1. Takšić V, Mohorić T, Duran M. Emotional skills and competence questionnaire (ESCQ) as a self-report measure of emotional intelligence. Horizons Psychol 2009;18:7–21.
    1. Schoeps K, Tamarit A, Montoya-Castilla I. Factorial structure and validity of the emotional skills and competences questionnaire (ESCQ) in Spanish adolescents. Behav Psychol 2019;27:275–93.
    1. Diener E, Emmons RA, Larsen RJ, et al. . The satisfaction with life scale. J Pers Assess 1985;49:71–5. 10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
    1. Ortuño-Sierra J, Aritio-Solana R, Chocarro de Luis E, et al. . Subjective well-being in adolescence: new psychometric evidences on the satisfaction with life scale. Eur J Dev Psychol 2019;16:236–44. 10.1080/17405629.2017.1360179
    1. Diener E, Wirtz D, Tov W, et al. . New well-being measures: short scales to assess flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Soc Indic Res 2010;97:143–56. 10.1007/s11205-009-9493-y
    1. Prado-Gascó V, Romero-Reignier V, Mesa-Gresa P, et al. . Subjective well-being in Spanish adolescents: psychometric properties of the scale of positive and negative experiences. Sustainability 2020;12:4011. 10.3390/su12104011
    1. Rosenberg M. Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton University Press, 1965.
    1. de la Barrera U, Montoya-Castilla I, Pérez-Albéniz A, et al. . Mental health difficulties related to suicidal behavior in adolescents: the moderating role of self-esteem. Arch Suicide Res 2020:1–15. 10.1080/13811118.2020.1823918
    1. Baessler J, Schwarcer R. Evaluación de la autoeficacia: Adaptación española de la escala de Autoeficacia General [assessment of self-efficacy: Spanish adaptation of the general self-efficacy scale]. Ansiedad Estres 1996;2:1–8.
    1. Espada JP, Gonzálvez MT, Orgilés M. Validation of the general self-efficacy scale with Spanish adolescents. Electron J Res Educ Psychol 2012;10:355–70.
    1. Martínez-Molina A, Arias VB. Balanced and positively worded personality short-forms: Mini-IPIP validity and cross-cultural invariance. PeerJ 2018;2018;6:e5542. 10.7717/peerj.5542
    1. Donnellan MB, Oswald FL, Baird BM, et al. . The mini-IPIP scales: tiny-yet-effective measures of the big five factors of personality. Psychol Assess 2006;18:192–203. 10.1037/1040-3590.18.2.192
    1. Li W, Wright PM, Rukavina PB, et al. . Measuring students’ perceptions of personal and social responsibility and the relationship to intrinsic motivation in urban physical education. J Teach Phys Educ 2008;27:167–78. 10.1123/jtpe.27.2.167
    1. Escartí A, Gutiérrez M, Pascual C. Propiedades psicométricas de la versión española del Cuestionario de responsabilidad personal y social en contextos de educación física [Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the personal and social responsibility questionnaire in physical education contexts]. Rev Psicol Deporte 2011;20:119–30.
    1. Trianes MV, Blanca MJ, de la Morena L, et al. . [A questionnaire to assess school social climate]. Psicothema 2006;18:272–7.
    1. Rosenblatt JA, Furlong MJ. Assessing the reliability and validity of student self-reports of campus violence. J Youth Adolesc 1997;26:187–202. 10.1023/A:1024552531672
    1. Rieffe C, Oosterveld P, Terwogt MM. An alexithymia questionnaire for children: factorial and concurrent validation results. Pers Individ Dif 2006;40:123–33. 10.1016/j.paid.2005.05.013
    1. Mónaco E, Schoeps K, Montoya-Castilla I. Attachment styles and well-being in adolescents: how does emotional development affect this relationship? Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019;16:2554. 10.3390/ijerph16142554
    1. Lovibond PF, Lovibond SH. The structure of negative emotional states: comparison of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS) with the Beck depression and anxiety inventories. Behav Res Ther 1995;33:335–43. 10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-U
    1. Daza P, Novy DM, Stanley MA, et al. . The depression anxiety stress scale-21: Spanish translation and validation with a Hispanic sample. J Psychopathol Behav Assess 2002;24:195–205. 10.1023/A:1016014818163
    1. Fonseca-Pedrero E, Paino M, Lemos-Giráldez S. Pshychometric properties of the depression, anxiety and stress Scales-21 (DASS-21) in Spanish college students. Ansiedad Estres 2010;16:215–26.
    1. Goodman R. The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: a research note. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1997;38:581–6. 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x
    1. Ortuño-Sierra J, Chocarro E, Fonseca-Pedrero E, et al. . The assessment of emotional and behavioural problems: internal structure of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire. Int J Clin Health Psychol 2015;15:265–73. 10.1016/j.ijchp.2015.05.005
    1. Díez-Gómez A, Pérez-Albéniz A, Ortuño-Sierra J, et al. . Sentia: an adolescent suicidal behavior assessment scale. Psicothema 2020;32:382–9. 10.7334/psicothema2020.27
    1. Extremera N, Fernández-Berrocal P. The subjective happiness scale: translation and preliminary psychometric evaluation of a Spanish version. Soc Indic Res 2014;119:473–81. 10.1007/s11205-013-0497-2
    1. Lyubomirsky S, Lepper HS. A measure of subjective happiness: preliminary reliability and construct validation. Soc Indic Res 1999;46:137–55. 10.1023/A:1006824100041

Source: PubMed

3
Abonnere