A cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire-2: Chinese version in patients with chronic visceral pain

Jiang-Lin Wang, Wei-Jun Zhang, Min Gao, Shengfa Zhang, Dong-Hua Tian, Jun Chen, Jiang-Lin Wang, Wei-Jun Zhang, Min Gao, Shengfa Zhang, Dong-Hua Tian, Jun Chen

Abstract

Objective: The present study aimed to develop a culturally appropriate and functional Standard Mandarin Chinese translation of the short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire-2 (SF-MPQ-2) and to assess its reliability and validity for characterizing chronic visceral pain in Chinese patients.

Background: The SF-MPQ-2 has been widely used in studies of pain epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment, and even pathophysiologic mechanisms to assess the major symptoms of clinical pain. Previous reports have shown favorable reliability, validity, and responsiveness of the SF-MPQ-2 in diverse samples of patients with chronic and acute pain. However, a culturally appropriate, functional Chinese version of the scale has never been developed.

Methods: Beaton's guidelines were used for the translation and back-translation procedures. Patients (n=145) with chronic visceral pain were recruited to complete the Standard Mandarin Chinese version of the SF-MPQ-2 (SF-MPQ-2-CN), of which 41 were asked to complete the SF-MPQ-2-CN a second time, 3 days after the initial visit. The test-retest reliability was quantified using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and Cronbach's alpha was calculated to assess internal consistency. Possible components were determined by exploratory factor analysis with varimax rotation, and a value of 0.4 was considered requisite for the loading of each factor.

Results: The ICC for subscales ranged from 0.909 to 0.952, and that of the total scale was 0.927, suggesting excellent reliability and validity of the SF-MPQ-2-CN. Cronbach's alpha for subscales ranged from 0.896 to 0.916, and that of the total scale was 0.836 and 0.831 for primary and secondary visits, respectively. The factor loading matrix of the SF-MPQ-2-CN ranged from 0.734 to 0.901 for each of the following subscales: continuous, intermittent, neuropathic, and affective, revealing four components similar to the original scale.

Conclusion: The reliability and validity of the SF-MPQ-2-CN scale are statistically acceptable for the evaluation of Chinese patients with chronic visceral pain.

Keywords: Chinese version of short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire-2; chronic visceral pain; exploratory factor analysis; reliability; validity.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The factor structures for SF-MPQ-2 continuous, intermittent, neuropathic, and affective subscales. Notes: The variables v1–v22 indicate throbbing, cramping pain, gnawing pain, aching pain, heavy pain, tender, shooting pain, stabbing pain, sharp pain, splitting pain, electric-shock pain, piercing, hot-burning pain, cold-freezing pain, pain caused by light touch, itching, tingling or “pins and needles,” numbness, tiring–exhausting, sickening, fearful, punishing–cruel, respectively.

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