Pediatric Penile and Glans Anthropometry Nomograms: An Aid in Hypospadias Management
Archana Puri, Satyajit Sikdar, Raghu Prakash, Archana Puri, Satyajit Sikdar, Raghu Prakash
Abstract
Objective: To establish pediatric penile and glans anthropometry nomograms. This may be used as a reference model for penile assessment while managing hypospadias.
Patients and methods: Between October 2012 and September 2013, 263 boys of varying ages (0-16 years) were included in the study. Those with genetic, endocrine disorders, having genital anomaly, undescended testis, neonates, and infants with a nonretractile prepuce, with multiple congenital anomalies and refusal to take part in the study were excluded. Evaluated outcome variables were stretched penile length, glans circumference (GC) at coronal sulcus, glans diameter at coronal sulcus (Gdcl), mid glans diameter, and ventral glans length. Glans ratios were generated by dividing Gdcl by GC. Data were expressed as mean, median, and standard deviation. Correlation between age and variables was evaluated using nonparametric Spearman's rank correlation coefficient.
Results: The patients were divided in six age groups, namely 0-1 (n = 61), 1-3 (n = 37), 3-5 (n = 36), 5-7 (n = 36), 7-12 (n = 45), and >12 years (n = 48). Gdcl was the maximum transverse glans diameter and based on it small glans size varied widely from 8.9 to 35.04 mm for various age groups. Although glans anthropometry showed age-related changes, glans ratio remained relatively constant between 0.49 and 0.53 (mean: 0.5 ± 0.051, r = 0.29). All the variables except glans ratio showed a significant positive correlation with age (r = 0.954-0.98, P < 0.01).
Conclusion: Penile anthropometry nomograms provide a reference model for hypospadias. This may aid in (a) objective preoperative assessment of glans size (b) patient selection for preoperative hormonal stimulation (c) provides a yardstick for postoperative cosmesis.
Keywords: Glans size; hormonal stimulation; hypospadias; nomograms; penile anthropometry.
Conflict of interest statement
There are no conflicts of interest.
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Source: PubMed