A Review on Various Uses of N-Acetyl Cysteine

Vida Mokhtari, Parvaneh Afsharian, Maryam Shahhoseini, Seyed Mehdi Kalantar, Ashraf Moini, Vida Mokhtari, Parvaneh Afsharian, Maryam Shahhoseini, Seyed Mehdi Kalantar, Ashraf Moini

Abstract

N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), as a nutritional supplement, is a greatly applied antioxidant in vivo and in vitro. NAC is a precursor of L-cysteine that results in glutathione elevation biosynthesis. It acts directly as a scavenger of free radicals, especially oxygen radicals. NAC is a powerful antioxidant. It is also recommended as a potential treatment option for different disorders resulted from generation of free oxygen radicals. Additionally, it is a protected and endured mucolytic drug that mellows tenacious mucous discharges. It has been used for treatment of various diseases in a direct action or in a combination with some other medications. This paper presents a review on various applications of NAC in treatment of several diseases.

Keywords: Antioxidant; N-Acetyl Cysteine; Oxidative Stress.

References

    1. Youssef G, Meguid Ali A, Alaa N, Makin B, Waly M, AbouSetta A. N-acetyl-cysteine in anovulatory women: the impact of postcoital test. Middle East Fertil Soc J. 2006;11:109–112.
    1. Larsson SC, Håkansson N, Wolk A. Dietary cysteine and other amino acids and stroke incidence in women. Stroke. 2015;46(4):922–926.
    1. Shahin AY, Hassanin IM, Ismail AM, Kruessel JS, Hirchenhain J. Effect of oral N-acetyl cysteine on recurrent preterm labor following treatment for bacterial vaginosis. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2009;104(1):44–48.
    1. Amin AF, Shaaban OM, Bediawy MA. N-acetyl cysteine for treatment of recurrent unexplained pregnancy loss. Reprod Biomed Online. 2008;17(5):722–726.
    1. Elgindy EA, El-Huseiny AM, Mostafa MI, Gaballah AM, Ahmed TA. N-acetyl cysteine: could it be an effective adjuvant therapy in ICSI cycles?. A preliminary study. Reprod Biomed Online. 2010;20(6):789–796.
    1. Agarwal A, Allamaneni SSR. Oxidants and antioxidants in human fertility. Middle East Fertil Soc J. 2004;9(3):187–197.
    1. Wang Q, Hou Y, Yi D, Wang L, Ding B, Chen X, et al. Protective effects of N-acetyl cysteine on acetic acid-induced colitis in a porcine model. BMC Gastroenterol. 2013;13:133–133.
    1. Nasr A. Effect of N-acetyl cysteine after ovarian drilling in clomiphene citrate-resistant PCOS women: a pilot study. Reprod Biomed Online. 2010;20(3):403–409.
    1. Moini A, Tadayon SH, Tehranian A, Mohammadi Yeganeh L, Akhoond MR, Salman Yazdi R. Association of thrombophilia and polycystic ovarian syndrome in women with history of recurrent pregnancy loss. Gynecol Eendocrinol. 2012;28(8):590–593.
    1. Moini A, Javanmard F, Eslami B, Aletaha N. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in polycystic ovarian syndrome women in a hospital of Tehran. Iran J Reprod Med. 2012;10(2):127–130.
    1. Moini A, Eslami B. Familial associations between polycystic ovarian syndrome and common diseases. J Assist Reproduction Genet. 2009;26(2-3):123–127.
    1. Sekhon LH, Gupta S, Kim Y, Agarwal A. Female infertility and antioxidants. Curr Womens Health Rev. 2010;6:84–95.
    1. Woods JR. Reactive oxygen species and preterm premature rupture of membranes a review. Placenta. 2001;22(Suppl A):S38–44.
    1. Mercer BM, Goldenberg RL, Das A, Moawad AH, Iams JD, Meis PJ. The preterm prediction study: a clinical risk assessment system. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996;174(6):1885–1893.
    1. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG practice bulletin.Management of recurrent pregnancy loss.Number 24, February 2001.(Replaces Technical Bulletin Number 212, September 1995).American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2002;78(2):179–190.
    1. Poston L, Raijmakers MT. Trophoblast oxidative stress, antioxidants and pregnancy outcome--a review. Placenta. 2004;25(Suppl A):S72–78.
    1. Mohammad Seyedhassani S, Houshmand M, Mehdi Kalantar S, Aflatoonian A, Modabber G, Hashemi Gorgi F, et al. BAX pro-apoptotic gene alterations in repeated pregnancy loss. Arch Med Sci. 2011;7(1):117–122.
    1. Zahraei M, Sheikhha MH, Kalantar SM, Ghasemi N, Jahaninejad T, Rajabi S, et al. The association of arylendosulfatase 1 (SULF1) gene polymorphism with recurrent miscarriage. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2014;31(2):157–161.
    1. Seyedhassani SM, Houshmand M, Kalantar SM, Modabber G, Aflatoonian A. No mitochondrial DNA deletions but more D-loop point mutations in repeated pregnancy loss. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2010;27(11):641–648.
    1. Harada M, Kishimoto K, Furuhashi T, Naito K, Nakashima Y, Kawaguchi Y, et al. Infertility observed in reproductive toxicity study of N-acetyl L-cysteine in rats. Biol Reprod. 2003;69(1):242–247.
    1. Crowell C, Lyew RV, Givens M. Caring for the mother, concentrating on the fetus: intravenous N-acetyl cysteine in pregnancy. Am J Emerg Med. 2008;26(6):735–735. e1-735e2.
    1. Green JL, Heard KJ, Reynolds KM, Albert D. Oral and intravenous acetylcysteine for treatment of acetaminophen toxicity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. West J Emerg Med. 2013;14(3):218–226.
    1. Beloosesky R, Gayle DA, Amidi F, Nunez SE, Babu J, Desai M, et al. N-acetyl-cysteine suppresses amniotic fluid and placenta inflammatory cytokine responses to lipopolysaccharide in rats. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;194(1):268–273.
    1. Paintlia MK, Paintlia AS, Singh AK, Singh I. Attenuation of lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response and phospholipids metabolism at the feto-maternal interface by N-acetyl cysteine. Pediatr Res. 2008;64(4):334–339.
    1. Beloosesky R, Weiner Z, Khativ N, Maravi N, Mandel R, Boles J, et al. Prophylactic maternal n-acetylcysteine before lipopolysaccharide suppresses fetal inflammatory cytokine responses. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;200(6):665–665. e1-665e1-5.
    1. Cheraghi E, Mehranjani MS, Shariatzadeh MA, Nasr Esfahani MH, Ebrahimi Z. Co-administration of metformin and n-acetyl cysteine fails to improve clinical manifestations in pcos individual undergoing icsi. Int J Fertil Steril. 2014;8(2):119–128.
    1. Rizk AY, Bedaiwy MA, Al-Inany HG. Clomiphene-acetyl cysteine combination as a new protocol to a friendly IVF cycle. Middle East Fertil Soc J. 2005;10(2):130–134.
    1. Larson M. Clinical recognition of N-acetyl cysteine in chronic bronchitis. Eur Respir Rev. 1992;2(7):5–8.
    1. Tunek A. Possible mechanisms behind the anti-inflammatory effects of N-acetyl cysteine; is metabolism essential? Eur Respir Rev. 1992;2(7):35–38.
    1. Stey C, Steurer J, Bachmann S, Medici TC, Tramèr MR. The effect of oral N-acetylcysteine in chronic bronchitis: a quantitative systematic review. Eur Respir J. 2000;16(2):253–262.
    1. Sadowska AM, Manuel-Y-Keenoy B, De Backer WA. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory efficacy of NAC in the treatment of COPD: discordant in vitro and in vivo doseeffects: a review. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2007;20(1):9–22.
    1. Jones DP, Maellaro E, Jiang S, Slater AF, Orrenius S. Effects of N-acetyl-L-cysteine on T-cell apoptosis are not mediated by increased cellular glutathione. Immunol Lett. 1995;45(3):205–209.
    1. Cai T, Fassina G, Morini M, Aluigi MG, Masiello L, Fontanini G, et al. N-acetylcysteine inhibits endothelial cell invasion and angiogenesis. Lab Invest. 1999;79(9):1151–1159.
    1. Cuzzocrea S, Mazzon E, Dugo L, Serraino I, Ciccolo A, Centorrino T, et al. Protective effects of N-acetyl cysteine on lung injury and red blood cell modification induced by carrageenan in the rat. FASEB J. 2001;15(7):1187–1200.
    1. Kretzman NA, Chiela E, Matte U, Marroni N, Marroni CA. N-acetylcysteine improves antitumoural response of interferon alpha by NF-kB downregulation in liver cancer cells. Comp Hepatol. 2012;11(1):4–4.
    1. Goldstein D, Laszlo J. The role of interferon in cancer therapy: a current perspective. CA Cancer J Clin. 1988;38(5):258–277.
    1. Wanamarta AH, van Rijn J, Blank LE, Haveman J, van Zandwijk N, Joenje H. Effect of N-acetyl cysteine on the antiproliferative action of X-rays or bleomycin in cultured human lung tumor cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 1989;115(4):340–344.
    1. Millea PJ. N-acetyl cysteine: multiple clinical applications. Am Fam Physician. 2009;80(3):265–269.
    1. Moreno-Otero R, Trapero-Marugn M. Hepatoprotective effects of antioxidants in chronic hepatitis C. World J Gastroenterol. 2010;16(15):1937–1938.
    1. Kerksick C, Willoughby D. The antioxidant role of glutathione and N-acetyl cysteine supplements and exerciseinduced oxidative stress. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2005;2(2):38–44.
    1. Wierzbicki AS. Homocysteine and cardiovascular disease: a review of the evidence. Diab Vasc Dis Res. 2007;4(2):143–150.
    1. Khosravi M, Shohrati M, Falaknazi K. Does N-acetyl cysteine have a dose-dependent effect on plasma homocysteine concentration in patients undergoing hemodialysis? Int J Nephrol Urol. 2009;1(1):27–32.
    1. Song DJ, Min MG, Miller M, Cho JY, Broide DH. Environmental tobacco smoke exposure does not prevent corticosteroids reducing inflammation, remodeling, and airway hyperreactivity in mice exposed to allergen. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2009;297(2):L380–387.
    1. Li JJ, Wang W, Baines KJ, Bowden NA, Hansbro PM, Gibson PG, et al. IL-27/IFN-γ induce MyD88-dependent steroid-resistant airway hyperresponsiveness by inhibiting glucocorticoid signaling in macrophages. J Immunol. 2010;185(7):4401–4409.
    1. Eftekhari P, Hajizadeh S, Raofy MR, Masjedi MR, Yang M, Hansbro N, et al. Preventive effect of N-acetylcysteine in a mouse model of steroid resistant acute exacerbation of asthma. Excli J. 2013;12:184–192.
    1. Blesa S, Cortijo J, Mata M, Serrano A, Closa D, Santangelo F, et al. Oral N-acetyl cysteine attenuates the rat pulmonary inflammatory response to antigen. Eur Respir J. 2003;21(3):394–400.
    1. Blesa S, Cortijo J, Martinez-Losa M, Mata M, Seda E, Santangelo F, et al. Effectiveness of oral N-acetyl cysteine in a rat experimental model of asthma. Pharmacol Res. 2002;45(2):135–140.
    1. Markesbery WR. The role of oxidative stress in Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol. 1999;56(12):1449–1452.
    1. Perry G, Castellani RJ, Hirai K, Smith MA. Reactive oxygen species mediate cellular damage in Alzheimer disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 1998;1(1):45–55.
    1. Moreira PI, Harris PL, Zhu X, Santos MS, Oliveira CR, Smith MA, et al. Lipoic acid and N-acetyl cysteine decrease mitochondrial-related oxidative stress in Alzheimer disease patient fibroblasts. J Alzheimers Dis. 2007;12(2):195–206.
    1. Moreiraa PI, Carvalhob C, Zhuc X, Smithc MA, Perryd G. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a trigger of Alzheimer’s disease pathophysiology. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2010;1802(1):2–10.
    1. Hardas SS, Sultana R, Clark AM, Beckett TL, Szweda LI, Murphy MP, et al. Oxidative modification of lipoic acid by HNE in Alzheimer disease brain. Redox Biol. 2013;1:80–85.
    1. Kerksick C, Willoughby D. The Antioxidant role of glutathione and N-acetyl cysteine supplements and exerciseinduced oxidative stress. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2005;2:38–44.
    1. Agid Y, Ruberg M, Javoy-Agid F, Hirsch E, Raisman-Vozari R, Vyas S, et al. Are dopaminergic neurons selectively vulnerable to Parkinson’s disease? Adv Neurol. 1993;60:148–164.
    1. Veldman BA, Wijn AM, Knoers N, Praamstra P, Horstink MW. Genetic and environmental risk factors in Parkinson’s disease. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 1998;100(1):15–26.
    1. Williams AC, Smith ML, Waring RH, Ramsden DB. Idiopathic Parkinson’s disease: a genetic and environmental model. Adv Neurol. 1999;80:215–218.
    1. Bowling AC, Mutisya EM, Walker LC, Price DL, Cork LC, Beal MF. Age-dependent impairment of mitochondrial function in primate brain. J Neurochem. 1993;60(5):1964–1967.
    1. Curti D, Giangare MC, Redolfi ME, Fugaccia I, Benzi G. Age-related modification of cytochrome c oxidase activity in discrete brain regions. Mech Ageing Dev. 1990;55(2):171–180.
    1. Martinez-Banclocha MA. N-acetyl cysteine in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease.What are we waiting for? Med Hypotheses. 2012;79(1):8–12.
    1. Shahripour RB, Harrigan MR, Alexandrov AV. N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) in neurological disorders: mechanisms of action and therapeutic opportunities. Brain Behav. 2014;4(2):108–122.
    1. Dehay B, Bourdenx M, Gorry P, Przedborski S, Vila M, Hunot S, et al. Targeting α-synuclein for treatment of Parkinson’s disease: mechanistic and therapeutic considerations. Lancet Neurol. 2015;14(8):855–866.

Source: PubMed

Sponsorer og samarbeidspartnere

Medisinsk tilstand

Legemiddelintervensjoner

3
Abonnere