Vitamin D: Brain and Behavior

Darryl Walter Eyles, Darryl Walter Eyles

Abstract

It has been 20 years since we first proposed vitamin D as a "possible" neurosteroid.( 1 ) Our work over the last two decades, particularly results from our cellular and animal models, has confirmed the numerous ways in which vitamin D differentiates the developing brain. As a result, vitamin D can now confidently take its place among all other steroids known to regulate brain development.( 2 ) Others have concentrated on the possible neuroprotective functions of vitamin D in adult brains. Here these data are integrated, and possible mechanisms outlined for the various roles vitamin D appears to play in both developing and mature brains and how such actions shape behavior. There is now also good evidence linking gestational and/or neonatal vitamin D deficiency with an increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders, such as schizophrenia and autism, and adult vitamin D deficiency with certain degenerative conditions. In this mini-review, the focus is on what we have learned over these past 20 years regarding the genomic and nongenomic actions of vitamin D in shaping brain development, neurophysiology, and behavior in animal models. © 2020 The Author. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

Keywords: BRAIN; DEVELOPMENT; NEUROPROTECTION; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY.

© 2020 The Author. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

Figures

Fig 1
Fig 1
Vitamin D and its effects on brain and behavior. (A) Depicts the progressive molecular, cellular, brain structural and behavioral abnormalities induced in the developmental vitamin D (DVD)‐deficient rat model. (B) Far less investigation has been conducted on adult vitamin D (AVD)‐deficiency reflecting less certainty regarding the use of this model to study brain disorders. (C) There have been numerous studies in models of relevance to either Alzheimer or Parkinson disease indicating intervention with vitamin D may have therapeutic potential. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) = _______; GABA = gamma‐aminobutyric acid; GLU = glutamate.

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