Linoleic Acid-Rich Oil Supplementation Increases Total and High-Molecular-Weight Adiponectin and Alters Plasma Oxylipins in Postmenopausal Women with Metabolic Syndrome

Rachel M Cole, Sarah Puchala, Jia-Yu Ke, Mahmoud Abdel-Rasoul, Kristin Harlow, Benjamin O'Donnell, David Bradley, Rebecca Andridge, Kamil Borkowski, John W Newman, Martha A Belury, Rachel M Cole, Sarah Puchala, Jia-Yu Ke, Mahmoud Abdel-Rasoul, Kristin Harlow, Benjamin O'Donnell, David Bradley, Rebecca Andridge, Kamil Borkowski, John W Newman, Martha A Belury

Abstract

Background: The onset of menopause increases the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Adiponectin is an adipokine associated with insulin sensitivity that is lower in people with MetS. Supplementing diets with linoleic acid (LA)-rich oil increased adiponectin concentrations and improved glucose control in women with type 2 diabetes. The effect of LA on adipokines, especially total and the bioactive form of adiponectin, high-molecular-weight (HMW) adiponectin, in women with MetS is unknown.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to explore the effect of supplementation of the diet with an oil rich in LA on adipokines in women with MetS. The effect of the LA-rich oil (LA-oil) on oxylipins, key metabolites that may influence inflammation and metabolism, was also explored.

Methods: In this open-label single-arm pilot study, 18 postmenopausal nondiabetic women with MetS enrolled in a 2-phase study were instructed to consume LA-rich vegetable oil (10 mL/d) as part of their habitual diets. Women consumed an oleic acid-rich oil (OA-oil) for 4 wk followed by an LA-oil for 16 wk. Fasting concentrations of adipokines, fatty acids, oxylipins, and markers of glycemia and inflammation were measured.

Results: After 4 wk of OA-oil consumption, fasting glucose and total adiponectin concentrations decreased whereas fasting C-reactive protein increased. After 16 wk of LA-oil supplementation total and HMW adiponectin and plasma oxylipins increased. Markers of inflammation and glycemia were unchanged after LA-oil consumption.

Conclusions: Supplementation with LA-oil increased total and HMW adiponectin concentrations and altered plasma oxylipin profiles. Larger studies are needed to elucidate the links between these changes and MetS.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02063165.

Keywords: adherence; adiponectin; fatty acid composition; linoleic acid; metabolic syndrome; oxylipin.

Copyright © The Author(s) on behalf of the American Society for Nutrition 2020.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Changes in oxylipins and acylethanolamides from week 0 to week 16 of LA-oil supplementation. Network presents fatty acid metabolic pathways, including SFAs and MUFAs and ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids with oxylipins and endocannabinoid synthesis pathways. Node size represents the fold change and the color represents the directionality of the change: red, increased after 16 wk; blue, decreased after 16 wk. ADH, alcohol dehydrogenase; AEA, arachidonoylethanolamine; AG, arachidonoylglycerol; COX, cyclooxygenase; CYP, cytochrome P450; DEA, docosatetraenylethanolamide; DGLEA, dihomo-gamma-linolenoyl ethanolamide; DH, dehydrogenase; DHEA, docosahexaenoyl ethanolamide; DiHDoPA, dihydroxydocosapentaenoic acid; DiHETrE, dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid; DiHO, dihydroxyoctadecanoic acid; DiHODE, dihydroxyoctadecadienoic acid; DiHOME, dihydroxyoctadecenoic acid; EA, ethanolamide; Elov, fatty acids elongase; EpETrE, epoxyeicosatrienoic acid; EpO, epoxyoctadecanoic acid; EpODE, epoxyoctadecadienoic acid; EpOME, epoxyoctadecenoic acid; FAAH, fatty acid amide hydrolase; Fads, fatty acid desaturase; HDoHE, hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid; HEPE, hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid; HETE, hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid; HODE, hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid; HOTE, hydroxyoctadecatrienoic acid; HpETE, hydroperoxyl-eicosatetraenoic acid; HpODE, hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid; KETE, keto-eicosatetraenoic; KODE, keto-octadecadienoic acid; LG, linoleoylglycerol; LOX, lipoxygenase; LTB, leukotriene B; LTE, leukotriene E; NAPES, N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine-specific; OEA, oleoylethanolamine; OG, oleoylglycerol; PEA, palmitoylethanolamine; PGD, prostaglandin D; PGE, prostaglandin E; PGF, prostaglandin F; PGI, prostaglandin I; PGJ, prostaglandin J; POEA, palmitoleoyl ethanolamide; SEA, stearoyl ethanolamide; sEH, soluble epoxide hydrolase; TriHOME, trihydroxyoctadecaenoic acid.

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