Onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Clinical description and relationship with microfilarial density

Joseph Nelson Siewe Fodjo, Michel Mandro, Deby Mukendi, Floribert Tepage, Sonia Menon, Swabra Nakato, Françoise Nyisi, Germain Abhafule, Deogratias Wonya'rossi, Aimé Anyolito, Richard Lokonda, An Hotterbeekx, Robert Colebunders, Joseph Nelson Siewe Fodjo, Michel Mandro, Deby Mukendi, Floribert Tepage, Sonia Menon, Swabra Nakato, Françoise Nyisi, Germain Abhafule, Deogratias Wonya'rossi, Aimé Anyolito, Richard Lokonda, An Hotterbeekx, Robert Colebunders

Abstract

Background: High epilepsy prevalence and incidence were observed in onchocerciasis-endemic villages in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). We investigated the clinical characteristics of onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy (OAE), and the relationship between seizure severity and microfilarial density.

Methods: In October 2017, ivermectin-naive persons with epilepsy (PWE) were recruited from onchocerciasis-endemic areas in the Logo health zone in the DRC. Additional PWE were enrolled in the Aketi health zone, where ivermectin had been distributed annually for 14 years. Past medical history, clinical characteristics and skin snips for Onchocerca volvulus detection were obtained from participants. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were used to investigate associations with microfilarial density.

Results: Of the 420 PWE in the Logo health zone, 392 were skin snipped (36.5% positive). Generalized motor seizures were most frequent (392 PWE, 93.3%), and nodding seizures were reported in 32 (7.6%) participants. Twelve PWE (3.1%) presented Nakalanga features. Sixty-three (44.1%) skin snip-positive PWE had a family history of epilepsy, compared to only 82 (32.9%) skin snip-negative PWE (p = 0.027). Eighty-one onchocerciasis-infected PWE were recruited in the Aketi health zone. Positive correlations between seizure frequency and microfilarial density were observed in Logo (Spearman-rho = 0.175; p<0.001) and Aketi (Spearman-rho = 0.249; p = 0.029). In the multivariable model adjusted for age, gender, and previous treatment, high seizure frequency was associated with increasing microfilarial density in Aketi (p = 0.025) but not in Logo (p = 0.148).

Conclusion: In onchocerciasis-endemic regions in the DRC, a wide spectrum of seizures was observed. The occurrence of Nodding seizures and Nakalanga features, as well as an association between seizure severity and O. volvulus microfilarial density suggest a high OAE prevalence in the study villages.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03052998.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1. Map of the Logo health…
Fig 1. Map of the Logo health zone showing the study villages (Source: Malteser International).
Fig 2. Ages of participants at seizure…
Fig 2. Ages of participants at seizure onset.
Fig 3. Seizure triggers among PWE in…
Fig 3. Seizure triggers among PWE in the Logo health zone.
Fig 4. Correlation between frequency of seizures…
Fig 4. Correlation between frequency of seizures and microfilarial density among PWE.
4A shows data from PWE in Logo, while 4B shows data from PWE in Aketi. Both axes showing log values.

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