Distinct Patterns in Human Milk Microbiota and Fatty Acid Profiles Across Specific Geographic Locations

Himanshu Kumar, Elloise du Toit, Amruta Kulkarni, Juhani Aakko, Kaisa M Linderborg, Yumei Zhang, Mark P Nicol, Erika Isolauri, Baoru Yang, Maria C Collado, Seppo Salminen, Himanshu Kumar, Elloise du Toit, Amruta Kulkarni, Juhani Aakko, Kaisa M Linderborg, Yumei Zhang, Mark P Nicol, Erika Isolauri, Baoru Yang, Maria C Collado, Seppo Salminen

Abstract

Breast feeding results in long term health benefits in the prevention of communicable and non-communicable diseases at both individual and population levels. Geographical location directly impacts the composition of breast milk including microbiota and lipids. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of geographical location, i.e., Europe (Spain and Finland), Africa (South Africa), and Asia (China), on breast milk microbiota and lipid composition in samples obtained from healthy mothers after the 1 month of lactation. Altogether, 80 women (20 from each country) participated in the study, with equal number of women who delivered by vaginal or cesarean section from each country. Lipid composition particularly that of polyunsaturated fatty acids differed between the countries, with the highest amount of n-6 PUFA (25.6%) observed in the milk of Chinese women. Milk microbiota composition also differed significantly between the countries (p = 0.002). Among vaginally delivered women, Spanish women had highest amount of Bacteroidetes (mean relative abundance of 3.75) whereas Chinese women had highest amount of Actinobacteria (mean relative abundance 5.7). Women who had had a cesarean section had higher amount of Proteobacteria as observed in the milk of the Spanish and South African women. Interestingly, the Spanish and South African women had significantly higher bacterial genes mapped to lipid, amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism (p < 0.05). Association of the lipid profile with the microbiota revealed that monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were negatively associated with Proteobacteria (r = -0.43, p < 0.05), while Lactobacillus genus was associated with MUFA (r = -0.23, p = 0.04). These findings reveal that the milk microbiota and lipid composition exhibit differences based on geographical locations in addition to the differences observed due to the mode of delivery.

Keywords: delivery; fatty acids; geography; human milk; microbiome.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Comparison of percentage relative abundances of fatty acids taking mode of delivery and country as factors (A) Triacyglycerols (B) Phospholipids; (C) PCA of triacyglycerols (D) PCA of phospholipids, ellipses in the plot represent 95% confidence interval of grouping based on countries.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Comparison of percentage relative abundances taking mode of delivery and country as factor at (A) Phyla level (top 5 phylotypes based on relative abundance), (B) Genus level (top 30 genera based on total relative abundance).
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
(A) Shared phylotypes at family level across countries. (B) RDA analysis at OTU level, across different countries.
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
PICRUSt based predicted metagenome using KEGG annotation at levels (A) L2 (B) L3, representing LDA scores for differentially abundant genes/pathways (Log LDA = 2) across different countries.
FIGURE 5
FIGURE 5
Heatmap to show correlation between lipidomic data and microbiota composition at phylum level (A) and genus level (B).

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