Review of Prospects of Biological Fluid Biomarkers in Osteoarthritis

Lich Thi Nguyen, Ashish Ranjan Sharma, Chiranjib Chakraborty, Balaji Saibaba, Moo-Eob Ahn, Sang-Soo Lee, Lich Thi Nguyen, Ashish Ranjan Sharma, Chiranjib Chakraborty, Balaji Saibaba, Moo-Eob Ahn, Sang-Soo Lee

Abstract

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease of the joints and is one of the leading causes of disability in adults. However, there are no key therapeutics for OA and medical treatment is based on managing the symptoms and slowing down progression of the disease. Diagnostics based on clinical examination and radiography have provided little information about metabolic changes in joint tissues, disease onset and progression. Due to lack of effective methods for early detection and evaluation of treatment outcome, the measurement of biochemical markers (biomarkers) shows promise as a prospective method aiding in disease monitoring. OA biomarkers that are present in biological fluids such as blood, urine and synovial fluid, sources that are easily isolated from body, are of particular interest. Moreover, there are increasingly more studies identifying and developing new biomarkers for OA. In this review, efforts have been made to summarize the biomarkers that have been reported in recent studies on patients. We also tried to classify biomarkers according to tissue metabolism (bone, cartilage and synovial metabolism markers), pathological pathways (inflammatory and genetic markers) and biological function (chemokines, growth factors, acute phase proteins, etc.).

Keywords: biomarker; genetic marker; inflammatory marker; marker of joint metabolism; osteoarthritis (OA).

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Model of pathologic progression of osteoarthritis (OA). OA is a slow, progressive disease. (A) Normal joint without any damages; (B) Early OA is always difficult to detect, characterized by cartilage degeneration and release of breakdown products into the synovial fluid environment; (C) Late OA is an obvious event, with cartilage loss (fibrillation and erosion of articular cartilage) and osteophyte formation. Damage of the subchondral bone, synovium and capsule may also occur (bone sclerosis, synovitis, and fibrosis, respectively).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Schematic diagram of cartilage-, bone- and synovium-derived markers in osteoarthritis. Articular cartilage, subchondral bone and synovium are the main sources of many osteoarthritis markers. Generation of these molecular markers is closely related to metabolism of bone, cartilage and synovium via activities of chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts and synoviocytes. In addition, inflammatory markers, such as growth factors and cytokines, are derived from the activities of chondrocytes, macrophages and even osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

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