Effect of Post-Exercise Massage on Passive Muscle Stiffness Measured Using Myotonometry - A Double-Blind Study

Abstract

It is commonly believed that massage can reduce muscle stiffness and is desirable for recovery from exercise. However, the effect massage on muscle stiffness following eccentric exercises is currently unknown. This study aimed to examine the effect of post-exercise massage on passive muscle stiffness over a five-day period. A randomised cross-over study design was adopted. After 40 minutes of downhill running, 18 male recreational runners had one leg received a 16-minute massage and the contralateral leg received a 16-minute sham ultrasound treatment. Passive stiffness for four leg muscles (rectus femoris, biceps femoris, tibialis anterior, and gastrocnemius) was assessed using myotonometry at baseline, immediately post-run, post-treatment, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours post-run. A 2 (treatment) × 7 (time) mixed ANOVA was conducted with a robust procedure on the myotonometry data of each leg muscle to examine the effect of treatment on stiffness. Passive stiffness for all muscles changed over time but no treatment effect was found. Stiffness increased at 24 hours post-run and remained elevated from baseline levels for up to 96 hours across all four muscles. Significant treatment × time interaction was only found in the tibialis anterior but no post-hoc differences were identified. Passive stiffness of major leg muscles increased after a bout of unaccustomed eccentric exercise and remained elevated for up to four days post-exercise. Compared with the placebo treatment, post-exercise massage had no beneficial effect in alleviating altered muscle stiffness in major leg muscles.

Keywords: Eccentric; Myoton; Swedish; pain; running; soreness.

Figures

Figure 1.

Muscle stiffness was measured using the MyotonPRO device on four muscle sites: (a) rectus femoris (mid-point between anterior superior iliac spine and top of patella), (b) biceps femoris (mid-point between ischial tuberosity and head of fibula), (c) tibialis anterior (one-third from head of fibula to medial malleolus, 2 cm away laterally from tibia), and (d) gastrocnemius (middle of the most prominent muscle bulge when participant tip-toed on one foot).

Figure 2.

Plasma creatine kinase levels across five days. * indicates post-hoc difference from baseline with Bonferroni adjustments (p < 0.013 [.050/4]).

Figure 3.

Muscle stiffness measured using myotonometry across 5 days. * indicates post-hoc difference from baseline with Bonferroni adjustments (p < 0.008 [(.050/6]).

Figure 4.

Perceived muscle soreness measured using numerical rating scale (NRS) across five days. * indicates post-hoc difference from baseline with Bonferroni adjustments (p