Mortality From Ischemic Heart Disease

Alexandra N Nowbar, Mauro Gitto, James P Howard, Darrel P Francis, Rasha Al-Lamee, Alexandra N Nowbar, Mauro Gitto, James P Howard, Darrel P Francis, Rasha Al-Lamee

Abstract

Background Ischemic heart disease (IHD) has been considered the top cause of mortality globally. However, countries differ in their rates and there have been changes over time. Methods and Results We analyzed mortality data submitted to the World Health Organization from 2005 to 2015 by individual countries. We explored patterns in relationships with age, sex, and income and calculated age-standardized mortality rates for each country in addition to crude death rates. In 5 illustrative countries which provided detailed data, we analyzed trends of mortality from IHD and 3 noncommunicable diseases (lung cancer, stroke, and chronic lower respiratory tract diseases) and examined the simultaneous trends in important cardiovascular risk factors. Russia, United States, and Ukraine had the largest absolute numbers of deaths among the countries that provided data. Among 5 illustrative countries (United Kingdom, United States, Brazil, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine), IHD was the top cause of death, but mortality from IHD has progressively decreased from 2005 to 2015. Age-standardized IHD mortality rates per 100 000 people per year were much higher in Ukraine (324) and Kazakhstan (97) than in United States (60), Brazil (54), and the United Kingdom (46), with much less difference in other causes of death. All 5 countries showed a progressive decline in IHD mortality, with a decline in smoking and hypertension and in all cases a rise in obesity and type II diabetes mellitus. Conclusions IHD remains the single largest cause of death in countries of all income groups. Rates are different between countries and are falling in most countries, indicating great potential for further gains. On the horizon, future improvements may become curtailed by increasing hypertension in some developing countries and more importantly global growth in obesity.

Keywords: coronary artery disease; epidemiology; heart diseases; mortality; noncommunicable diseases; risk factors; statistics.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Changes in (A) crude death rates and (B) age-standardized mortality rates between 2005 and 2015. These are the 16 countries who provided longitudinal mortality data.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Variation in age- and sex-specific mortality in (A) United Kingdom, (B) Brazil, (C) United States, (D) Kazakhstan, and (E) Ukraine. All data are from 2015 except Kazakhstan which is from 2012.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Mortality trends from major causes of death from 2005 to 2015 in (A) United Kingdom, (B) Brazil, (C) United States, (D) Kazakhstan, and (E) Ukraine. Age-standardized mortality rates per 100 000 people from ischemic heart disease (red line), stroke (light blue line), cirrhosis and other liver diseases (green line), chronic lower respiratory tract diseases (yellow line), lung cancer (blue line), transport accidents (orange line), and infectious diseases (purple line).
Figure 4.
Figure 4.
Mortality trends from ischemic heart disease (IHD) compared with variations in Gross National Income (GNI) and prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors from 2005 to 2015 in (A) United Kingdom, (B) Brazil, (C) United States, (D) Kazakhstan, and (E) Ukraine. The red line and right axis represent the IHD mortality trend. Behind this are a family of area charts showing trends of GNI (yellow), age-standardized mean body mass index (BMI; purple), age-standardized prevalence of smoking (green), type II diabetes mellitus (DM II; light blue), and hypertension (HTN; orange).
Figure 5.
Figure 5.
Statin prescription rates in the United Kingdom from 2005 to 2013. Rates of prescription in the population over 18 y old.

References

    1. Global Health Estimates 2016: Deaths by Cause, Age, Sex, by Country and by Region, 2000- 2016. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2018. . Accessed November 16, 2018.
    1. Nowbar AN, Howard JP, Finegold JA, Asaria P, Francis DP. 2014 global geographic analysis of mortality from ischaemic heart disease by country, age and income: statistics from World Health Organisation and United Nations. Int J Cardiol. 2014;174:293–298. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.04.096.
    1. Finegold JA, Asaria P, Francis DP. Mortality from ischaemic heart disease by country, region, and age: statistics from World Health Organisation and United Nations. Int J Cardiol. 2013;168:934–945. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.10.046.
    1. Council of the European Union. Reflection Process on Chronic Diseases. . Accessed November 16, 2018.
    1. WHO Mortality Database. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018. . Accessed November 16, 2018.
    1. The World Bank Group. World Bank Country and Lending Groups, Current Classification by Income. . Accessed November 16, 2018.
    1. NCD Risk Factors Collaboration (NCD-RisC) Data Downloads. . Accessed November 16, 2018.
    1. Global Health Observatory Data Repository. Tobacco Use, Data by Country. Geneva: World Health Organization; . Accessed November 16, 2018.
    1. O’Keeffe AG, Nazareth I, Petersen I. Time trends in the prescription of statins for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in the United Kingdom: a cohort study using The Health Improvement Network primary care data. Clin Epidemiol. 2016;8:123–132. doi: 10.2147/CLEP.S104258.
    1. Ahmad OB, Boschi-pinto C, Lopez AD. GPE Discussion Paper Series: No.31. World Health Organization; 2001. Age standardization of rates: a new WHO standard. . Accessed November 17, 2018.
    1. Lange S, Vollmer S. The effect of economic development on population health: a review of the empirical evidence. Br Med Bull. 2017;121:47–60. doi: 10.1093/bmb/ldw052.
    1. Foreman KJ, Marquez N, Dolgert A, Fukutaki K, Mcgaughey M, Pletcher MA, Smith AE, Tang K, Yuan C, Brown JC, Friedman J, He J, Kyle R, Holmberg M, Patel D, Reidy P, Carter A, Cercy K, Chapin A, Frank T, Fullman N, Goettsch F, Liu PY, Nandakumar V, Reitsma B, Reuter V, Sadat N, Sorensen RJD, Srinivasan V, Updike R, York H, Lopez A, Lozano R, Lim SS, Mokdad AH, Vollset SE, Murray CJL. Forecasting life expectancy, years of life lost, all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 250 causes of death : reference and alternative scenarios 2016 – 2040 for 195 countries and territories. Lancet. 2016;392:1–30. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31694–5.
    1. Wakefield MA, Loken B, Hornik RC. Use of mass media campaigns to change health behaviour. Lancet. 2010;376:1261–1271. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60809-4.
    1. Golechha M. Health promotion methods for smoking prevention and cessation: a comprehensive review of effectiveness and the way forward. Int J Prev Med. 2016;7:7. doi: 10.4103/2008-7802.173797.
    1. The Lancet. The Astana Declaration: the future of primary health care? Lancet. 2018;392:1369. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32478-4.
    1. Kulkayeva G, Harun-Or-Rashid M, Yoshida Y, Tulebayev K, Sakamoto J. Cardiovascular disease risk factors among rural Kazakh population. Nagoya J Med Sci. 2012;74:51–61.
    1. Murphy A, Johnson CO, Roth GA, Forouzanfar MH, Naghavi M, Ng M, Pogosova N, Vos T, Murray CJL, Moran AE. Ischemic heart disease in the former Soviet Union 1990–2015 according to the Global Burden of Disease 2015 Study. Heart. 2018;104:58–66. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2016–311142.
    1. Roberts B, Stickley A, Balabanova D, Haerpfer C, McKee M. The persistence of irregular treatment of hypertension in the former Soviet Union. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2012;66:1079–1082. doi: 10.1136/jech-2011-200645.
    1. Steel N, Ford JA, Newton JN, Davis ACJ, Vos T, Naghavi M, Glenn S, Hughes A, Dalton AM, Stockton D, Humphreys C, Dallat M, Schmidt J, Flowers J, Fox S, Abubakar I, Aldridge RW. Changes in health in the countries of the UK and 150 English Local Authority areas 1990 – 2016 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet. 2016;392:1647–1661. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32207-4.
    1. Bucholz EM, Gooding HC, de Ferranti SD. Awareness of cardiovascular risk factors in U.S. young adults aged 18-39 years. Am J Prev Med. 2018;54:e67–e77. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2018.01.022.
    1. Ribeiro AL, Duncan BB, Brant LC, Lotufo PA, Mill JG, Barreto SM. Cardiovascular health in Brazil: trends and perspectives. Circulation. 2016;133:422–433. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.008727.
    1. Batsaikhan U, Dabrowski M. Central Asia—twenty-five years after the breakup of the USSR. Russ J Econ. 2017;3:296–320. doi: 10.1016/j.ruje.2017.09.005.
    1. Wu Y, Benjamin EJ, MacMahon S. Prevention and control of cardiovascular disease in the rapidly changing economy of China. Circulation. 2016;133:2545–2560. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.008728.
    1. Ginter E. Cardiovascular disease prevention in eastern Europe. Nutrition. 1998;14:452–457.
    1. The Coronary Artery Disease (C4D) Genetics Consortium. A genome-wide association study in Europeans and South Asians identifies five new loci for coronary artery disease. Nat Genet. 2011;43:339–344. doi: 10.1038/ng.782.

Source: PubMed

Sponsorzy i współpracownicy

Warunki medyczne

Interwencje lekowe

3
Subskrybuj