Prevalence of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome symptoms at different follow-up periods: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Mohamad Salim Alkodaymi, Osama Ali Omrani, Nader A Fawzy, Bader Abou Shaar, Raghed Almamlouk, Muhammad Riaz, Mustafa Obeidat, Yasin Obeidat, Dana Gerberi, Rand M Taha, Zakaria Kashour, Tarek Kashour, Elie F Berbari, Khaled Alkattan, Imad M Tleyjeh, Mohamad Salim Alkodaymi, Osama Ali Omrani, Nader A Fawzy, Bader Abou Shaar, Raghed Almamlouk, Muhammad Riaz, Mustafa Obeidat, Yasin Obeidat, Dana Gerberi, Rand M Taha, Zakaria Kashour, Tarek Kashour, Elie F Berbari, Khaled Alkattan, Imad M Tleyjeh

Abstract

Background: Post-acute coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) syndrome is now recognized as a complex systemic disease that is associated with substantial morbidity.

Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of persistent symptoms and signs at least 12 weeks after acute COVID-19 at different follow-up periods.

Data sources: Searches were conducted up to October 2021 in Ovid Embase, Ovid Medline, and PubMed.

Study eligibility criteria, participants and interventions: Articles in English that reported the prevalence of persistent symptoms among individuals with confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection and included at least 50 patients with a follow-up of at least 12 weeks after acute illness.

Methods: Random-effect meta-analysis was performed to produce a pooled prevalence for each symptom at four different follow-up time intervals. Between-study heterogeneity was evaluated using the I2 statistic and was explored via meta-regression, considering several a priori study-level variables. Risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute tool and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for prevalence studies and comparative studies, respectively.

Results: After screening 3209 studies, a total of 63 studies were eligible, with a total COVID-19 population of 257 348. The most commonly reported symptoms were fatigue, dyspnea, sleep disorder, and difficulty concentrating (32%, 25%, 24%, and 22%, respectively, at 3- to <6-month follow-up); effort intolerance, fatigue, sleep disorder, and dyspnea (45%, 36%, 29%, and 25%, respectively, at 6- to <9-month follow-up); fatigue (37%) and dyspnea (21%) at 9 to <12 months; and fatigue, dyspnea, sleep disorder, and myalgia (41%, 31%, 30%, and 22%, respectively, at >12-month follow-up). There was substantial between-study heterogeneity for all reported symptom prevalences. Meta-regressions identified statistically significant effect modifiers: world region, male sex, diabetes mellitus, disease severity, and overall study quality score. Five of six studies including a comparator group consisting of COVID-19-negative cases observed significant adjusted associations between COVID-19 and several long-term symptoms.

Conclusions: This systematic review found that a large proportion of patients experience post-acute COVID-19 syndrome 3 to 12 months after recovery from the acute phase of COVID-19. However, available studies of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome are highly heterogeneous. Future studies need to have appropriate comparator groups, standardized symptom definitions and measurements, and longer follow-up.

Keywords: COVID-19; Coronavirus; PACS; Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome; SARS-CoV-2.

Copyright © 2022 European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
PRISMA diagram.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Illustration of meta-analysis results with estimated prevalence of symptoms following acute COVID-19 infection across follow-up intervals of (A) 3 to

References

    1. Sandler C.X., Wyller V.B.B., Moss-Morris R., Buchwald D., Crawley E., Hautvast J., et al. Long COVID and post-infective fatigue syndrome: a review. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2021;8:ofab440.
    1. Nalbandian A., Sehgal K., Gupta A., Madhavan M.V., McGroder C., Stevens J.S., et al. Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Nat Med. 2021;27:601–615.
    1. World Health Organization . 2021. A clinical case definition of post COVID-19 condition by a Delphi consensus. [cited 2021 Dec 19]. Available from:
    1. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (UK) 2020. COVID-19 rapid guideline: managing the long-term effects of COVID-19. [cited 2021 Dec 19]. Available from:
    1. Lledó G.M., Sellares J., Brotons C., Sans M., Antón J.D., Blanco J., et al. Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome: a new tsunami requiring a universal case definition. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2022;28:315–318.
    1. Moher D., Shamseer L., Clarke M., Ghersi D., Liberati A., Petticrew M., et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Sys Rev. 2015;4:1.
    1. Shamseer L., Moher D., Clarke M., Ghersi D., Liberati A., Petticrew M., et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015: elaboration and explanation. BMJ. 2015;349:g7647.
    1. Sivan M., Taylor S. NICE guideline on long covid. BMJ. 2020;371:m4938.
    1. Munn Z., Moola S., Lisy K., Riitano D., Tufanaru C. Methodological guidance for systematic reviews of observational epidemiological studies reporting prevalence and cumulative incidence data. JBI Evid Implement. 2015;13:147–153.
    1. Guyatt G., Busse J. Methods commentary: risk of bias in cohort studies. [cited 2021 Dec 18]. Available from:
    1. Tleyjeh I.M., Kashour Z., AlDosary O., Riaz M., Tlayjeh H., Garbati M.A., et al. Cardiac toxicity of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. MCP:IQ&O. 2021;5:137–150.
    1. Barendregt J.J., Doi S.A., Lee Y.Y., Norman R.E., Vos T. Meta-analysis of prevalence. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2013;67:974.
    1. DerSimonian R., Laird N. Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Control Clin Trial. 1986;7:177–188.
    1. Higgins J.P.T., Thompson S.G., Deeks J.J., Altman D.G. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ. 2003;327:557–560.
    1. Deeks J., Higgins J.P., Altman D.G. Chapter 10: analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses. [cited 2021 Dec 18]. Available from:
    1. Viechtbauer W. Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package. J Stat Softw. 2010;36:1–48.
    1. Elkan M., Dvir A., Zaidenstein R., Keller M., Kagansky D., Hochman C., et al. Patient-reported outcome measures after hospitalization during the COVID-19 pandemic: a survey among COVID-19 and Non-COVID-19 patients. Int J Gen Med. 2021;14:4829–4836.
    1. Zayet S., Zahra H., Royer P.-Y., Tipirdamaz C., Mercier J., Gendrin V., et al. Post-COVID-19 syndrome: nine months after SARS-CoV-2 infection in a cohort of 354 patients: data from the first wave of COVID-19 in Nord Franche-Comté Hospital, France. Microorganisms. 2021;9:1719.
    1. Mechi A., Al-Khalidi A., Al-Darraji R., Al-Dujaili M.N., Al-Buthabhak K., Alareedh M., et al. Long-term persistent symptoms of COVID-19 infection in patients with diabetes mellitus. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries. 2021:1–4.
    1. Maestre-Muñiz M.M., Arias Á., Mata-Vázquez E., Martín-Toledano M., López-Larramona G., Ruiz-Chicote A.M., et al. Long-term outcomes of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 at one year after hospital discharge. J Clin Med. 2021;10:2945.
    1. Fernández-de-Las-Peñas C., Guijarro C., Plaza-Canteli S., Hernández-Barrera V., Torres-Macho J. Prevalence of post-COVID-19 cough one year after SARS-CoV-2 infection: a multicenter study. Lung. 2021;199:249–253.
    1. Lombardo M.D.M., Foppiani A., Peretti G.M., Mangiavini L., Battezzati A., Bertoli S., et al. Long-term coronavirus disease 2019 complications in inpatients and outpatients: a one-year follow-up cohort study. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2021;8:ofab384.
    1. Boscolo-Rizzo P., Guida F., Polesel J., Marcuzzo A.V., Capriotti V., D’Alessandro A., et al. Sequelae in adults at 12 months after mild-to-moderate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Int Forum Allergy Rhinol. 2021;11:1685–1688.
    1. Huang L., Yao Q., Gu X., Wang Q., Ren L., Wang Y., et al. 1-year outcomes in hospital survivors with COVID-19: a longitudinal cohort study. Lancet. 2021;398:747–758.
    1. Clavario P., de Marzo V., Lotti R., Barbara C., Porcile A., Russo C., et al. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing in COVID-19 patients at 3 months follow-up. Int J Cardiol. 2021;340:113–118.
    1. Taquet M., Geddes J.R., Husain M., Luciano S., Harrison P.J. 6-month neurological and psychiatric outcomes in 236 379 survivors of COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study using electronic health records. Lancet Psychiatry. 2021;8:416–427.
    1. Menges D., Ballouz T., Anagnostopoulos A., Aschmann H.E., Domenghino A., Fehr J.S., et al. Burden of post-COVID-19 syndrome and implications for healthcare service planning: a population-based cohort study. PloS One. 2021;16
    1. Shoucri S.M., Purpura L., DeLaurentis C., Adan M.A., Theodore D.A., Irace A.L., et al. Characterising the long-term clinical outcomes of 1190 hospitalised patients with COVID-19 in New York City: a retrospective case series. BMJ Open. 2021;11
    1. Biadsee A., Dagan O., Ormianer Z., Kassem F., Masarwa S., Biadsee A. Eight-month follow-up of olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions in recovered COVID-19 patients. Am J Otolaryngol. 2021;42:103065.
    1. Wu Q., Zhong L., Li H., Guo J., Li Y., Hou X., et al. A follow-up study of lung function and chest computed tomography at 6 months after discharge in patients with coronavirus disease 2019. Can Respir J. 2021;2021:6692409.
    1. Shang Y.F., Liu T., Yu J.N., Xu X.R., Zahid K.R., Wei Y.C., et al. Half-year follow-up of patients recovering from severe COVID-19: analysis of symptoms and their risk factors. J Intern Med. 2021;290:444–450.
    1. Blomberg B., Mohn K.G.-I., Brokstad K.A., Zhou F., Linchausen D.W., Hansen B.-A., et al. Long COVID in a prospective cohort of home-isolated patients. Nat Med. 2021;27:1607–1613.
    1. Sigfrid L., Drake T.M., Pauley E., Jesudason E.C., Olliaro P., Lim W.S., et al. Long Covid in adults discharged from UK hospitals after Covid-19: a prospective, multicentre cohort study using the ISARIC WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol. Lancet Regional Health Europe. 2021;8:100186.
    1. Yin X., Xi X., Min X., Feng Z., Li B., Cai W., et al. Long-term chest CT follow-up in COVID-19 Survivors: 102–361 days after onset. Ann Transl Med. 2021;9:1231.
    1. Darcis G., Bouquegneau A., Maes N., Thys M., Henket M., Labye F., et al. Long-term clinical follow-up of patients suffering from moderate-to-severe COVID-19 infection: a monocentric prospective observational cohort study. Int J Infect Dis. 2021;109:209–216.
    1. Augustin M., Schommers P., Stecher M., Dewald F., Gieselmann L., Gruell H., et al. Post-COVID syndrome in non-hospitalised patients with COVID-19: a longitudinal prospective cohort study. Lancet Regional Health Europe. 2021;6:100122.
    1. Riestra-Ayora J., Yanes-Diaz J., Esteban-Sanchez J., Vaduva C., Molina-Quiros C., Larran-Jimenez A., et al. Long-term follow-up of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction in COVID-19: 6 months case-control study of health workers. Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryngol. 2021;278:4831–4837.
    1. Aranda J., Oriol I., Martín M., Feria L., Vázquez N., Rhyman N., et al. Long-term impact of COVID-19 associated acute respiratory distress syndrome. J Infect. 2021;83:581–588.
    1. Caruso D., Guido G., Zerunian M., Polidori T., Lucertini E., Pucciarelli F., et al. Post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 pneumonia: six-month chest CT follow-up. Radiology. 2021;301:E396–E405.
    1. Simani L., Ramezani M., Darazam I.A., Sagharichi M., Aalipour M.A., Ghorbani F., et al. Prevalence and correlates of chronic fatigue syndrome and post-traumatic stress disorder after the outbreak of the COVID-19. J Neurovirol. 2021;27:154–159.
    1. Frontera J.A., Yang D., Lewis A., Patel P., Medicherla C., Arena V., et al. A prospective study of long-term outcomes among hospitalized COVID-19 patients with and without neurological complications. J Neurol Sci. 2021;426:117486.
    1. Kim Y., Kim S.-W., Chang H.-H., Kwon K.T., Bae S., Hwang S. Significance and associated factors of long-term sequelae in patients after acute COVID-19 infection in Korea. Infect Chemother. 2021;53:463–476.
    1. Han X., Fan Y., Alwalid O., Li N., Jia X., Yuan M., et al. Six-month follow-up chest CT findings after severe COVID-19 pneumonia. Radiology. 2021;299:E177–E186.
    1. Taboada M., Moreno E., Cariñena A., Rey T., Pita-Romero R., Leal S., et al. Quality of life, functional status, and persistent symptoms after intensive care of COVID-19 patients. Br J Anaesth. 2021;126:e110–e113.
    1. Huang C., Huang L., Wang Y., Li X., Ren L., Gu X., et al. 6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study. Lancet. 2021;397:220–232.
    1. Fernández-de-Las-Peñas C., Palacios-Ceña D., Gómez-Mayordomo V., Rodríuez-Jiménez J., Palacios-Ceña M., Velasco-Arribas M., et al. Long-term post-COVID symptoms and associated risk factors in previously hospitalized patients: a multicenter study. J Infect. 2021;83:237–279.
    1. Nguyen N.N., Hoang V.T., Lagier J.-C., Raoult D., Gautret P. Long-term persistence of olfactory and gustatory disorders in COVID-19 patients. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2021;27:931–932.
    1. Lindahl A., Aro M., Reijula J., Mäkelä M.J., Ollgren J., Puolanne M., et al. Women report more symptoms and impaired quality of life: a survey of Finnish COVID-19 survivors. Infect Dis. 2021:1–10.
    1. Qin W., Chen S., Zhang Y., Dong F., Zhang Z., Hu B., et al. Diffusion capacity abnormalities for carbon monoxide in patients with COVID-19 at 3-month follow-up. Eur Respir J. 2021;58:2003677.
    1. Schandl A., Hedman A., Lyngå P., Fathi Tachinabad S., Svefors J., Roël M., et al. Long-term consequences in critically ill COVID-19 patients: a prospective cohort study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2021;65:1285–1292.
    1. Mei Q., Wang F., Yang Y., Hu G., Guo S., Zhang Q., et al. Health issues and immunological assessment related to Wuhan’s COVID-19 survivors: a multicenter follow-up study. Front Med. 2021;8:617689.
    1. Froidure A., Mahsouli A., Liistro G., de Greef J., Belkhir L., Gérard L., et al. Integrative respiratory follow-up of severe COVID-19 reveals common functional and lung imaging sequelae. Respir Med. 2021;181:106383.
    1. González J., Benítez I.D., Carmona P., Santisteve S., Monge A., Moncusí-Moix A., et al. Pulmonary function and radiologic features in survivors of critical COVID-19: a 3-month prospective cohort. Chest. 2021;160:187–198.
    1. Qu G., Zhen Q., Wang W., Fan S., Wu Q., Zhang C., et al. Health-related quality of life of COVID-19 patients after discharge: a multicenter follow-up study. J Clin Nurs. 2021;30:1742–1750.
    1. Stavem K., Ghanima W., Olsen M.K., Gilboe H.M., Einvik G. Prevalence and determinants of fatigue after COVID-19 in non-hospitalized subjects: a population-based study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18:2030.
    1. Parry A.H., Wani A.H., Shah N.N., Jehangir M. Medium-term chest computed tomography (CT) follow-up of COVID-19 pneumonia patients after recovery to assess the rate of resolution and determine the potential predictors of persistent lung changes. Egypt J Radiol Nucl Me. 2021;52:55.
    1. Mumoli N., Bonaventura A., Colombo A., Vecchié A., Cei M., Vitale J., et al. Lung function and symptoms in post-COVID-19 patients: a single-center experience. Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcome. 2021;5:907–915.
    1. Parente-Arias P., Barreira-Fernandez P., Quintana-Sanjuas A., Patiño-Castiñeira B. Recovery rate and factors associated with smell and taste disruption in patients with coronavirus disease 2019. Am J Otolaryngol. 2021;42:102648.
    1. Mattioli F., Stampatori C., Righetti F., Sala E., Tomasi C., de Palma G. Neurological and cognitive sequelae of Covid-19: a four month follow-up. J Neurol. 2021;268:4422–4428.
    1. Suárez-Robles M., Iguaran-Bermúdez M.D.R., García-Klepizg J.L., Lorenzo-Villalba N., Méndez-Bailón M. Ninety days post-hospitalization evaluation of residual COVID-19 symptoms through a phone call check list. Pan Afr Med. 2020;37:289.
    1. Jacobson K.B., Rao M., Bonilla H., Subramanian A., Hack I., Madrigal M., et al. Patients with uncomplicated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have long-term persistent symptoms and functional impairment similar to patients with severe COVID-19: a cautionary tale during a global pandemic. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;73:e826–e829.
    1. Søraas A., Kalleberg K.T., Dahl J.A., Søraas C.L., Myklebust T.Å., Axelsen E., et al. Persisting symptoms three to eight months after non-hospitalized COVID-19, a prospective cohort study. PloS One. 2021;16
    1. Noel-Savina E., Viatgé T., Faviez G., Lepage B., Mhanna L.T., Pontier S., et al. Severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia: clinical, functional and imaging outcomes at 4 months. Respir Med Res. 2021;80:100822.
    1. González-Hermosillo J.A., Martínez-López J.P., Carrillo-Lampón S.A., Ruiz-Ojeda D., Herrera-Ramírez S., Amezcua-Guerra L.M., et al. Post-acute COVID-19 symptoms, a potential link with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: a 6-month survey in a Mexican cohort. Brain Sci. 2021;11:760.
    1. Skala M., Svoboda M., Kopecky M., Kocova E., Hyrsl M., Homolac M., et al. Heterogeneity of post-COVID impairment: interim analysis of a prospective study from Czechia. Virol J. 2021;18:73.
    1. Seeßle J., Waterboer T., Hippchen T., Simon J., Kirchner M., Lim A., et al. Persistent symptoms in adult patients one year after COVID-19: a prospective cohort study. Clin Infect Dis. 2021 ciab611.
    1. Wallis T.J.M., Heiden E., Horno J., Welham B., Burke H., Freeman A., et al. Risk factors for persistent abnormality on chest radiographs at 12-weeks post hospitalisation with PCR confirmed COVID-19. Respir Res. 2021;22:157.
    1. Sathyamurthy P., Madhavan S., Pandurangan V. Prevalence, pattern and functional outcome of post COVID-19 syndrome in older adults. Cureus. 2021;13
    1. Motiejunaite J., Balagny P., Arnoult F., Mangin L., Bancal C., Vidal-Petiot E., et al. Hyperventilation as one of the mechanisms of persistent dyspnoea in SARS-CoV-2 survivors. Eur Respir J. 2021;58:2101578.
    1. Munker D., Veit T., Barton J., Mertsch P., Mümmler C., Osterman A., et al. Pulmonary function impairment of asymptomatic and persistently symptomatic patients 4 months after COVID-19 according to disease severity. Infection. 2021:1–12.
    1. Liang L., Yang B., Jiang N., Fu W., He X., Zhou Y., et al. Three-month follow-up study of survivors of coronavirus disease 2019 after discharge. J Korean Med Sci. 2020;35:e418.
    1. Boari G.E.M., Bonetti S., Braglia-Orlandini F., Chiarini G., Faustini C., Bianco G., et al. Short-term consequences of SARS-CoV-2-related pneumonia: a follow up study. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev. 2021;28:373–381.
    1. Wong A.W., Shah A.S., Johnston J.C., Carlsten C., Ryerson C.J. Patient-reported outcome measures after COVID-19: a prospective cohort study. Eur Respir J. 2020;56:2003276.
    1. Garrigues E., Janvier P., Kherabi Y., le Bot A., Hamon A., Gouze H., et al. Post-discharge persistent symptoms and health-related quality of life after hospitalization for COVID-19. J Infect. 2020;81:e4–e6.
    1. Lu Y., Li X., Geng D., Mei N., Wu P.-Y., Huang C.-C., et al. Cerebral micro-structural changes in COVID-19 patients - an MRI-based 3-month follow-up study. EClinicalMedicine. 2020;25:100484.
    1. Tabatabaei S.M.H., Rajebi H., Moghaddas F., Ghasemiadl M., Talari H. Chest CT in COVID-19 pneumonia: what are the findings in mid-term follow-up? Emerg Radiol. 2020;27:711–719.
    1. Fortini A., Torrigiani A., Sbaragli S., lo Forte A., Crociani A., Cecchini P., et al. COVID-19: persistence of symptoms and lung alterations after 3-6 months from hospital discharge. Infection. 2021;49:1007–1015.
    1. Sonnweber T., Sahanic S., Pizzini A., Luger A., Schwabl C., Sonnweber B., et al. Cardiopulmonary recovery after COVID-19: an observational prospective multicentre trial. Eur Respir J. 2021;57:2003481.
    1. Tawfik H.M., Shaaban H.M., Tawfik A.M. Post-covid-19 syndrome in egyptian healthcare staff: highlighting the carers sufferings. Electron J Gen Med. 2021;18
    1. Tleyjeh I.M., Saddik B., AlSwaidan N., AlAnazi A., Ramakrishnan R.K., Alhazmi D., et al. Prevalence and predictors of Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome (PACS) after hospital discharge: a cohort study with 4 months median follow-up. PloS One. 2021;16
    1. Stewart S., Newson L., Briggs T.A., Grammatopoulos D., Young L., Gill P. Long COVID risk - a signal to address sex hormones and women’s health. Lancet Regional Health Europe. 2021;11:100242.
    1. Lerner A.M., Robinson D.A., Yang L., Williams C.F., Newman L.M., Breen J.J., et al. Toward understanding COVID-19 recovery: National Institutes of Health workshop on postacute COVID-19. Ann Intern Med. 2021;174:999–1003.
    1. Rajan S., Khunti K., Alwan N., Steves C., Greenhalgh T., Macdermott N., et al. European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies; Copenhagen (Denmark): 2021. In the wake of the pandemic: Preparing for Long COVID [Internet] (Policy Brief, No. 39.) Available from:
    1. Steinman M.A., Auerbach A.D. Managing chronic disease in hospitalized patients. JAMA Int Med. 2013;173:1857–1858.
    1. Fofana N.K., Latif F., Sarfraz S., Bilal, Bashir M.F., Komal B. Fear and agony of the pandemic leading to stress and mental illness: an emerging crisis in the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak. Psych Res. 2020;291:113230.
    1. Al-Aly Z., Xie Y., Bowe B. High-dimensional characterization of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. Nature. 2021;594:259–264.
    1. Daugherty S.E., Guo Y., Heath K., Dasmariñas M.C., Jubilo K.G., Samranvedhya J., et al. Risk of clinical sequelae after the acute phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection: retrospective cohort study. BMJ. 2021;373:n1098.
    1. Korompoki E., Gavriatopoulou M., Hicklen R.S., Ntanasis-Stathopoulos I., Kastritis E., Fotiou D., et al. Epidemiology and organ specific sequelae of post-acute COVID19: a narrative review. J Infect. 2021;83:1–16.
    1. Gavriatopoulou M., Korompoki E., Fotiou D., Ntanasis-Stathopoulos I., Psaltopoulou T., Kastritis E., et al. Organ-specific manifestations of COVID-19 infection. Clin Exp Med. 2020;20:493–506.
    1. Wang T., Du Z., Zhu F., Cao Z., An Y., Gao Y., et al. Comorbidities and multi-organ injuries in the treatment of COVID-19. Lancet. 2020;395:e52.
    1. Ramakrishnan R.K., Kashour T., Hamid Q., Halwani R., Tleyjeh I.M. Unraveling the mystery surrounding post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. Front Immunol. 2021;12:686029.
    1. Hayes L.D., Ingram J., Sculthorpe N.F. More than 100 persistent symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 (Long COVID): a scoping review. Front Med. 2021;8:2028.
    1. Groff D., Sun A., Ssentongo A.E., Ba D.M., Parsons N., Poudel G.R., et al. Short-term and long-term rates of postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a systematic review. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4
    1. Nasserie T., Hittle M., Goodman S.N. Assessment of the frequency and variety of persistent symptoms among patients with COVID-19: a systematic review. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4
    1. Lopez-Leon S., Wegman-Ostrosky T., Perelman C., Sepulveda R., Rebolledo P.A., Cuapio A., et al. More than 50 long-term effects of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2021;11:16144.
    1. Michelen M., Manoharan L., Elkheir N., Cheng V., Dagens A., Hastie C., et al. Characterising long COVID: a living systematic review. BMJ Glob Health. 2021;6
    1. Iqbal F.M., Lam K., Sounderajah V., Clarke J.M., Ashrafian H., Darzi A. Characteristics and predictors of acute and chronic post-COVID syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine. 2021:36.
    1. Imrey P.B. Limitations of meta-analyses of studies with high heterogeneity. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3:e1919325.
    1. Amin-Chowdhury Z., Ladhani S.N. Causation or confounding: why controls are critical for characterizing long COVID. Nat Med. 2021;27:1129–1130.

Source: PubMed

Sponsorzy i współpracownicy

Warunki medyczne

Interwencje lekowe

3
Subskrybuj