Long-term outcomes of a Web-based diabetes prevention program: 2-year results of a single-arm longitudinal study

S Cameron Sepah, Luohua Jiang, Anne L Peters, S Cameron Sepah, Luohua Jiang, Anne L Peters

Abstract

Background: Digital therapeutics are evidence-based behavioral treatments delivered online that can increase accessibility and effectiveness of health care. However, few studies have examined long-term clinical outcomes of digital therapeutics.

Objective: The objective of this study was to conduct a 2-year follow-up on participants in the Internet-based Prevent diabetes prevention program pilot study, specifically examining the effects on body weight and A1c, which are risk factors for diabetes development.

Methods: A quasi-experimental research design was used, including a single-arm pre- and post-intervention assessment of outcomes. Participants underwent a 16-week weight loss intervention and an ongoing weight maintenance intervention. As part of the program, participants received a wireless scale, which was used to collect body weight data on an ongoing basis. Participants also received A1c test kits at baseline, 0.5 year, 1 year, and 2-year time points.

Results: Participants previously diagnosed with prediabetes (n=220) were originally enrolled in the pilot study. A subset of participants (n=187) met Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) criteria for starting the program (starters), and a further subset (n=155) met CDC criteria for completing the program (completers) and were both included in analyses. Program starters lost an average of 4.7% (SD 0.4) of baseline body weight after 1 year and 4.2% (SD 0.8) after 2 years, and reduced A1c by mean 0.38% (SD 0.07) after 1 year and 0.43% (SD 0.08) after 2 years. Program completers lost mean 4.9% (SD 0.5) of baseline body weight after 1 year and 4.3% (SD 0.8) after 2 years, and reduced A1c by 0.40% (SD 0.07) after 1 year and 0.46% (SD 0.08) after 2 years. For both groups, neither 2-year weight loss nor A1c results were significantly different from 1-year results.

Conclusions: Users of the Prevent program experienced significant reductions in body weight and A1c that are maintained after 2 years. Contrary to the expected progression from prediabetes to diabetes over time, average A1c levels continued to show an average regression from within the prediabetic range (5.7%-6.4%) initially to the normal range (<5.7%) after 2 years. Further investigation is warranted to test digital therapeutics as a scalable solution to address national diabetes and cardiovascular disease prevention efforts.

Keywords: diabetes prevention program; digital health; internet; intervention; mhealth; mobile apps; obesity; online; prediabetes; type 2 diabetes.

Conflict of interest statement

Conflicts of Interest: This work was funded by Omada Health, a company that makes and owns online behavior change programs, including the Prevent program, which is subject of this study. SCS is medical director for Omada Health and receives a salary and stock options. LJ is a paid statistical consultant, and ALP is a scientific advisor for Omada Health and receives stock options.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Participant recruitment and retention flow chart.

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Source: PubMed

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