Nonlinear analysis of motor activity shows differences between schizophrenia and depression: a study using Fourier analysis and sample entropy

Erik R Hauge, Jan Øystein Berle, Ketil J Oedegaard, Fred Holsten, Ole Bernt Fasmer, Erik R Hauge, Jan Øystein Berle, Ketil J Oedegaard, Fred Holsten, Ole Bernt Fasmer

Abstract

The purpose of this study has been to describe motor activity data obtained by using wrist-worn actigraphs in patients with schizophrenia and major depression by the use of linear and non-linear methods of analysis. Different time frames were investigated, i.e., activity counts measured every minute for up to five hours and activity counts made hourly for up to two weeks. The results show that motor activity was lower in the schizophrenic patients and in patients with major depression, compared to controls. Using one minute intervals the depressed patients had a higher standard deviation (SD) compared to both the schizophrenic patients and the controls. The ratio between the root mean square successive differences (RMSSD) and SD was higher in the schizophrenic patients compared to controls. The Fourier analysis of the activity counts measured every minute showed that the relation between variance in the low and the high frequency range was lower in the schizophrenic patients compared to the controls. The sample entropy was higher in the schizophrenic patients compared to controls in the time series from the activity counts made every minute. The main conclusions of the study are that schizophrenic and depressive patients have distinctly different profiles of motor activity and that the results differ according to period length analysed.

Conflict of interest statement

Competing Interests: E. R. Hauge has received an unrestricted grant from Eli Lilly and Company. The other authors have declared that no competing interests exist. This does not alter the authors' adherence to all the PLoS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

Figures

Figure 1. Mean activity from Table 4…
Figure 1. Mean activity from Table 4 .
*p

Figure 2. Standard deviation from Table 4…

Figure 2. Standard deviation from Table 4 .

# p

Figure 2. Standard deviation from Table 4 .
# p

Figure 3. Root mean square successive differences…

Figure 3. Root mean square successive differences from Table 4 .

Figure 3. Root mean square successive differences from Table 4 .

Figure 4. RMSSD/SD from Table 4 .

Figure 4. RMSSD/SD from Table 4 .

*** p

Figure 4. RMSSD/SD from Table 4 .
*** p

Figure 5. Sample entropy from Table 4…

Figure 5. Sample entropy from Table 4 .

## p

Figure 5. Sample entropy from Table 4 .
## p

Figure 6. Activity from Table 5 .

Figure 6. Activity from Table 5 .

*** p

Figure 6. Activity from Table 5 .
*** p

Figure 7. Standard deviation from Table 5…

Figure 7. Standard deviation from Table 5 .

*** p

Figure 7. Standard deviation from Table 5 .
*** p

Figure 8. Root mean square successive differences…

Figure 8. Root mean square successive differences from Table 5 .

# p

Figure 8. Root mean square successive differences from Table 5 .
# p

Figure 9. RMSSD/SD from Table 5 .

Figure 9. RMSSD/SD from Table 5 .

**p

Figure 9. RMSSD/SD from Table 5 .
**p

Figure 10. Sample entropy from Table 5…

Figure 10. Sample entropy from Table 5 .

Figure 10. Sample entropy from Table 5 .

Figure 11. Fourier analysis from Table 5…

Figure 11. Fourier analysis from Table 5 .

*p

Figure 11. Fourier analysis from Table 5 .
*p

Figure 12. Actigraph recordings of 256 min…

Figure 12. Actigraph recordings of 256 min periods.

Activity counts and Fourier analysis from a…

Figure 12. Actigraph recordings of 256 min periods.
Activity counts and Fourier analysis from a control person (A and B) and a patient with schizophrenia (C and D).

Figure 13. Actigraph recordings of 256 h…

Figure 13. Actigraph recordings of 256 h periods.

Activity counts and Fourier analysis from a…

Figure 13. Actigraph recordings of 256 h periods.
Activity counts and Fourier analysis from a control person (A and B) and a patient with depression (C and D).
All figures (13)
Similar articles
Cited by
References
    1. Boonstra AM, Kooij JJ, Oosterlaan J, Sergeant JA, Buitelaar JK, et al. Hyperactive night and day? Actigraphy studies in adult ADHD: a baseline comparison and the effect of methylphenidate. Sleep. 2007;30:433–442. - PubMed
    1. Jones SH, Hare DJ, Evershed K. Actigraphic assessment of circadian activity and sleep patterns in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2005;7:176–186. - PubMed
    1. van Someren EJ, Vonk BF, Thijssen WA, Speelman JD, Schuurman PR, et al. A new actigraph for long-term registration of the duration and intensity of tremor and movement. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1998;45:386–395. - PubMed
    1. Ehlers CL. Chaos and complexity. Can it help us to understand mood and behavior? Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1995;52:960–964. - PubMed
    1. Di Mascio M, Di Giovanni G, Di Matteo V, Esposito E. Decreased chaos of midbrain dopaminergic neurons after serotonin denervation. Neuroscience. 1999;92:237–243. - PubMed
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Figure 2. Standard deviation from Table 4…
Figure 2. Standard deviation from Table 4 .
# p

Figure 3. Root mean square successive differences…

Figure 3. Root mean square successive differences from Table 4 .

Figure 3. Root mean square successive differences from Table 4 .

Figure 4. RMSSD/SD from Table 4 .

Figure 4. RMSSD/SD from Table 4 .

*** p

Figure 4. RMSSD/SD from Table 4 .
*** p

Figure 5. Sample entropy from Table 4…

Figure 5. Sample entropy from Table 4 .

## p

Figure 5. Sample entropy from Table 4 .
## p

Figure 6. Activity from Table 5 .

Figure 6. Activity from Table 5 .

*** p

Figure 6. Activity from Table 5 .
*** p

Figure 7. Standard deviation from Table 5…

Figure 7. Standard deviation from Table 5 .

*** p

Figure 7. Standard deviation from Table 5 .
*** p

Figure 8. Root mean square successive differences…

Figure 8. Root mean square successive differences from Table 5 .

# p

Figure 8. Root mean square successive differences from Table 5 .
# p

Figure 9. RMSSD/SD from Table 5 .

Figure 9. RMSSD/SD from Table 5 .

**p

Figure 9. RMSSD/SD from Table 5 .
**p

Figure 10. Sample entropy from Table 5…

Figure 10. Sample entropy from Table 5 .

Figure 10. Sample entropy from Table 5 .

Figure 11. Fourier analysis from Table 5…

Figure 11. Fourier analysis from Table 5 .

*p

Figure 11. Fourier analysis from Table 5 .
*p

Figure 12. Actigraph recordings of 256 min…

Figure 12. Actigraph recordings of 256 min periods.

Activity counts and Fourier analysis from a…

Figure 12. Actigraph recordings of 256 min periods.
Activity counts and Fourier analysis from a control person (A and B) and a patient with schizophrenia (C and D).

Figure 13. Actigraph recordings of 256 h…

Figure 13. Actigraph recordings of 256 h periods.

Activity counts and Fourier analysis from a…

Figure 13. Actigraph recordings of 256 h periods.
Activity counts and Fourier analysis from a control person (A and B) and a patient with depression (C and D).
All figures (13)
Similar articles
Cited by
References
    1. Boonstra AM, Kooij JJ, Oosterlaan J, Sergeant JA, Buitelaar JK, et al. Hyperactive night and day? Actigraphy studies in adult ADHD: a baseline comparison and the effect of methylphenidate. Sleep. 2007;30:433–442. - PubMed
    1. Jones SH, Hare DJ, Evershed K. Actigraphic assessment of circadian activity and sleep patterns in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2005;7:176–186. - PubMed
    1. van Someren EJ, Vonk BF, Thijssen WA, Speelman JD, Schuurman PR, et al. A new actigraph for long-term registration of the duration and intensity of tremor and movement. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1998;45:386–395. - PubMed
    1. Ehlers CL. Chaos and complexity. Can it help us to understand mood and behavior? Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1995;52:960–964. - PubMed
    1. Di Mascio M, Di Giovanni G, Di Matteo V, Esposito E. Decreased chaos of midbrain dopaminergic neurons after serotonin denervation. Neuroscience. 1999;92:237–243. - PubMed
Show all 35 references
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Figure 3. Root mean square successive differences…
Figure 3. Root mean square successive differences from Table 4 .
Figure 4. RMSSD/SD from Table 4 .
Figure 4. RMSSD/SD from Table 4 .
*** p

Figure 5. Sample entropy from Table 4…

Figure 5. Sample entropy from Table 4 .

## p

Figure 5. Sample entropy from Table 4 .
## p

Figure 6. Activity from Table 5 .

Figure 6. Activity from Table 5 .

*** p

Figure 6. Activity from Table 5 .
*** p

Figure 7. Standard deviation from Table 5…

Figure 7. Standard deviation from Table 5 .

*** p

Figure 7. Standard deviation from Table 5 .
*** p

Figure 8. Root mean square successive differences…

Figure 8. Root mean square successive differences from Table 5 .

# p

Figure 8. Root mean square successive differences from Table 5 .
# p

Figure 9. RMSSD/SD from Table 5 .

Figure 9. RMSSD/SD from Table 5 .

**p

Figure 9. RMSSD/SD from Table 5 .
**p

Figure 10. Sample entropy from Table 5…

Figure 10. Sample entropy from Table 5 .

Figure 10. Sample entropy from Table 5 .

Figure 11. Fourier analysis from Table 5…

Figure 11. Fourier analysis from Table 5 .

*p

Figure 11. Fourier analysis from Table 5 .
*p

Figure 12. Actigraph recordings of 256 min…

Figure 12. Actigraph recordings of 256 min periods.

Activity counts and Fourier analysis from a…

Figure 12. Actigraph recordings of 256 min periods.
Activity counts and Fourier analysis from a control person (A and B) and a patient with schizophrenia (C and D).

Figure 13. Actigraph recordings of 256 h…

Figure 13. Actigraph recordings of 256 h periods.

Activity counts and Fourier analysis from a…

Figure 13. Actigraph recordings of 256 h periods.
Activity counts and Fourier analysis from a control person (A and B) and a patient with depression (C and D).
All figures (13)
Similar articles
Cited by
References
    1. Boonstra AM, Kooij JJ, Oosterlaan J, Sergeant JA, Buitelaar JK, et al. Hyperactive night and day? Actigraphy studies in adult ADHD: a baseline comparison and the effect of methylphenidate. Sleep. 2007;30:433–442. - PubMed
    1. Jones SH, Hare DJ, Evershed K. Actigraphic assessment of circadian activity and sleep patterns in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2005;7:176–186. - PubMed
    1. van Someren EJ, Vonk BF, Thijssen WA, Speelman JD, Schuurman PR, et al. A new actigraph for long-term registration of the duration and intensity of tremor and movement. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1998;45:386–395. - PubMed
    1. Ehlers CL. Chaos and complexity. Can it help us to understand mood and behavior? Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1995;52:960–964. - PubMed
    1. Di Mascio M, Di Giovanni G, Di Matteo V, Esposito E. Decreased chaos of midbrain dopaminergic neurons after serotonin denervation. Neuroscience. 1999;92:237–243. - PubMed
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Figure 5. Sample entropy from Table 4…
Figure 5. Sample entropy from Table 4 .
## p

Figure 6. Activity from Table 5 .

Figure 6. Activity from Table 5 .

*** p

Figure 6. Activity from Table 5 .
*** p

Figure 7. Standard deviation from Table 5…

Figure 7. Standard deviation from Table 5 .

*** p

Figure 7. Standard deviation from Table 5 .
*** p

Figure 8. Root mean square successive differences…

Figure 8. Root mean square successive differences from Table 5 .

# p

Figure 8. Root mean square successive differences from Table 5 .
# p

Figure 9. RMSSD/SD from Table 5 .

Figure 9. RMSSD/SD from Table 5 .

**p

Figure 9. RMSSD/SD from Table 5 .
**p

Figure 10. Sample entropy from Table 5…

Figure 10. Sample entropy from Table 5 .

Figure 10. Sample entropy from Table 5 .

Figure 11. Fourier analysis from Table 5…

Figure 11. Fourier analysis from Table 5 .

*p

Figure 11. Fourier analysis from Table 5 .
*p

Figure 12. Actigraph recordings of 256 min…

Figure 12. Actigraph recordings of 256 min periods.

Activity counts and Fourier analysis from a…

Figure 12. Actigraph recordings of 256 min periods.
Activity counts and Fourier analysis from a control person (A and B) and a patient with schizophrenia (C and D).

Figure 13. Actigraph recordings of 256 h…

Figure 13. Actigraph recordings of 256 h periods.

Activity counts and Fourier analysis from a…

Figure 13. Actigraph recordings of 256 h periods.
Activity counts and Fourier analysis from a control person (A and B) and a patient with depression (C and D).
All figures (13)
Similar articles
Cited by
References
    1. Boonstra AM, Kooij JJ, Oosterlaan J, Sergeant JA, Buitelaar JK, et al. Hyperactive night and day? Actigraphy studies in adult ADHD: a baseline comparison and the effect of methylphenidate. Sleep. 2007;30:433–442. - PubMed
    1. Jones SH, Hare DJ, Evershed K. Actigraphic assessment of circadian activity and sleep patterns in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2005;7:176–186. - PubMed
    1. van Someren EJ, Vonk BF, Thijssen WA, Speelman JD, Schuurman PR, et al. A new actigraph for long-term registration of the duration and intensity of tremor and movement. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1998;45:386–395. - PubMed
    1. Ehlers CL. Chaos and complexity. Can it help us to understand mood and behavior? Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1995;52:960–964. - PubMed
    1. Di Mascio M, Di Giovanni G, Di Matteo V, Esposito E. Decreased chaos of midbrain dopaminergic neurons after serotonin denervation. Neuroscience. 1999;92:237–243. - PubMed
Show all 35 references
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Figure 6. Activity from Table 5 .
Figure 6. Activity from Table 5 .
*** p

Figure 7. Standard deviation from Table 5…

Figure 7. Standard deviation from Table 5 .

*** p

Figure 7. Standard deviation from Table 5 .
*** p

Figure 8. Root mean square successive differences…

Figure 8. Root mean square successive differences from Table 5 .

# p

Figure 8. Root mean square successive differences from Table 5 .
# p

Figure 9. RMSSD/SD from Table 5 .

Figure 9. RMSSD/SD from Table 5 .

**p

Figure 9. RMSSD/SD from Table 5 .
**p

Figure 10. Sample entropy from Table 5…

Figure 10. Sample entropy from Table 5 .

Figure 10. Sample entropy from Table 5 .

Figure 11. Fourier analysis from Table 5…

Figure 11. Fourier analysis from Table 5 .

*p

Figure 11. Fourier analysis from Table 5 .
*p

Figure 12. Actigraph recordings of 256 min…

Figure 12. Actigraph recordings of 256 min periods.

Activity counts and Fourier analysis from a…

Figure 12. Actigraph recordings of 256 min periods.
Activity counts and Fourier analysis from a control person (A and B) and a patient with schizophrenia (C and D).

Figure 13. Actigraph recordings of 256 h…

Figure 13. Actigraph recordings of 256 h periods.

Activity counts and Fourier analysis from a…

Figure 13. Actigraph recordings of 256 h periods.
Activity counts and Fourier analysis from a control person (A and B) and a patient with depression (C and D).
All figures (13)
Similar articles
Cited by
References
    1. Boonstra AM, Kooij JJ, Oosterlaan J, Sergeant JA, Buitelaar JK, et al. Hyperactive night and day? Actigraphy studies in adult ADHD: a baseline comparison and the effect of methylphenidate. Sleep. 2007;30:433–442. - PubMed
    1. Jones SH, Hare DJ, Evershed K. Actigraphic assessment of circadian activity and sleep patterns in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2005;7:176–186. - PubMed
    1. van Someren EJ, Vonk BF, Thijssen WA, Speelman JD, Schuurman PR, et al. A new actigraph for long-term registration of the duration and intensity of tremor and movement. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1998;45:386–395. - PubMed
    1. Ehlers CL. Chaos and complexity. Can it help us to understand mood and behavior? Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1995;52:960–964. - PubMed
    1. Di Mascio M, Di Giovanni G, Di Matteo V, Esposito E. Decreased chaos of midbrain dopaminergic neurons after serotonin denervation. Neuroscience. 1999;92:237–243. - PubMed
Show all 35 references
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Figure 7. Standard deviation from Table 5…
Figure 7. Standard deviation from Table 5 .
*** p

Figure 8. Root mean square successive differences…

Figure 8. Root mean square successive differences from Table 5 .

# p

Figure 8. Root mean square successive differences from Table 5 .
# p

Figure 9. RMSSD/SD from Table 5 .

Figure 9. RMSSD/SD from Table 5 .

**p

Figure 9. RMSSD/SD from Table 5 .
**p

Figure 10. Sample entropy from Table 5…

Figure 10. Sample entropy from Table 5 .

Figure 10. Sample entropy from Table 5 .

Figure 11. Fourier analysis from Table 5…

Figure 11. Fourier analysis from Table 5 .

*p

Figure 11. Fourier analysis from Table 5 .
*p

Figure 12. Actigraph recordings of 256 min…

Figure 12. Actigraph recordings of 256 min periods.

Activity counts and Fourier analysis from a…

Figure 12. Actigraph recordings of 256 min periods.
Activity counts and Fourier analysis from a control person (A and B) and a patient with schizophrenia (C and D).

Figure 13. Actigraph recordings of 256 h…

Figure 13. Actigraph recordings of 256 h periods.

Activity counts and Fourier analysis from a…

Figure 13. Actigraph recordings of 256 h periods.
Activity counts and Fourier analysis from a control person (A and B) and a patient with depression (C and D).
All figures (13)
Similar articles
Cited by
References
    1. Boonstra AM, Kooij JJ, Oosterlaan J, Sergeant JA, Buitelaar JK, et al. Hyperactive night and day? Actigraphy studies in adult ADHD: a baseline comparison and the effect of methylphenidate. Sleep. 2007;30:433–442. - PubMed
    1. Jones SH, Hare DJ, Evershed K. Actigraphic assessment of circadian activity and sleep patterns in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2005;7:176–186. - PubMed
    1. van Someren EJ, Vonk BF, Thijssen WA, Speelman JD, Schuurman PR, et al. A new actigraph for long-term registration of the duration and intensity of tremor and movement. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1998;45:386–395. - PubMed
    1. Ehlers CL. Chaos and complexity. Can it help us to understand mood and behavior? Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1995;52:960–964. - PubMed
    1. Di Mascio M, Di Giovanni G, Di Matteo V, Esposito E. Decreased chaos of midbrain dopaminergic neurons after serotonin denervation. Neuroscience. 1999;92:237–243. - PubMed
Show all 35 references
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Figure 8. Root mean square successive differences…
Figure 8. Root mean square successive differences from Table 5 .
# p

Figure 9. RMSSD/SD from Table 5 .

Figure 9. RMSSD/SD from Table 5 .

**p

Figure 9. RMSSD/SD from Table 5 .
**p

Figure 10. Sample entropy from Table 5…

Figure 10. Sample entropy from Table 5 .

Figure 10. Sample entropy from Table 5 .

Figure 11. Fourier analysis from Table 5…

Figure 11. Fourier analysis from Table 5 .

*p

Figure 11. Fourier analysis from Table 5 .
*p

Figure 12. Actigraph recordings of 256 min…

Figure 12. Actigraph recordings of 256 min periods.

Activity counts and Fourier analysis from a…

Figure 12. Actigraph recordings of 256 min periods.
Activity counts and Fourier analysis from a control person (A and B) and a patient with schizophrenia (C and D).

Figure 13. Actigraph recordings of 256 h…

Figure 13. Actigraph recordings of 256 h periods.

Activity counts and Fourier analysis from a…

Figure 13. Actigraph recordings of 256 h periods.
Activity counts and Fourier analysis from a control person (A and B) and a patient with depression (C and D).
All figures (13)
Similar articles
Cited by
References
    1. Boonstra AM, Kooij JJ, Oosterlaan J, Sergeant JA, Buitelaar JK, et al. Hyperactive night and day? Actigraphy studies in adult ADHD: a baseline comparison and the effect of methylphenidate. Sleep. 2007;30:433–442. - PubMed
    1. Jones SH, Hare DJ, Evershed K. Actigraphic assessment of circadian activity and sleep patterns in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2005;7:176–186. - PubMed
    1. van Someren EJ, Vonk BF, Thijssen WA, Speelman JD, Schuurman PR, et al. A new actigraph for long-term registration of the duration and intensity of tremor and movement. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1998;45:386–395. - PubMed
    1. Ehlers CL. Chaos and complexity. Can it help us to understand mood and behavior? Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1995;52:960–964. - PubMed
    1. Di Mascio M, Di Giovanni G, Di Matteo V, Esposito E. Decreased chaos of midbrain dopaminergic neurons after serotonin denervation. Neuroscience. 1999;92:237–243. - PubMed
Show all 35 references
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Figure 9. RMSSD/SD from Table 5 .
Figure 9. RMSSD/SD from Table 5 .
**p

Figure 10. Sample entropy from Table 5…

Figure 10. Sample entropy from Table 5 .

Figure 10. Sample entropy from Table 5 .

Figure 11. Fourier analysis from Table 5…

Figure 11. Fourier analysis from Table 5 .

*p

Figure 11. Fourier analysis from Table 5 .
*p

Figure 12. Actigraph recordings of 256 min…

Figure 12. Actigraph recordings of 256 min periods.

Activity counts and Fourier analysis from a…

Figure 12. Actigraph recordings of 256 min periods.
Activity counts and Fourier analysis from a control person (A and B) and a patient with schizophrenia (C and D).

Figure 13. Actigraph recordings of 256 h…

Figure 13. Actigraph recordings of 256 h periods.

Activity counts and Fourier analysis from a…

Figure 13. Actigraph recordings of 256 h periods.
Activity counts and Fourier analysis from a control person (A and B) and a patient with depression (C and D).
All figures (13)
Similar articles
Cited by
References
    1. Boonstra AM, Kooij JJ, Oosterlaan J, Sergeant JA, Buitelaar JK, et al. Hyperactive night and day? Actigraphy studies in adult ADHD: a baseline comparison and the effect of methylphenidate. Sleep. 2007;30:433–442. - PubMed
    1. Jones SH, Hare DJ, Evershed K. Actigraphic assessment of circadian activity and sleep patterns in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2005;7:176–186. - PubMed
    1. van Someren EJ, Vonk BF, Thijssen WA, Speelman JD, Schuurman PR, et al. A new actigraph for long-term registration of the duration and intensity of tremor and movement. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1998;45:386–395. - PubMed
    1. Ehlers CL. Chaos and complexity. Can it help us to understand mood and behavior? Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1995;52:960–964. - PubMed
    1. Di Mascio M, Di Giovanni G, Di Matteo V, Esposito E. Decreased chaos of midbrain dopaminergic neurons after serotonin denervation. Neuroscience. 1999;92:237–243. - PubMed
Show all 35 references
Publication types
MeSH terms
[x]
Cite
Copy Download .nbib
Format: AMA APA MLA NLM
Figure 10. Sample entropy from Table 5…
Figure 10. Sample entropy from Table 5 .
Figure 11. Fourier analysis from Table 5…
Figure 11. Fourier analysis from Table 5 .
*p

Figure 12. Actigraph recordings of 256 min…

Figure 12. Actigraph recordings of 256 min periods.

Activity counts and Fourier analysis from a…

Figure 12. Actigraph recordings of 256 min periods.
Activity counts and Fourier analysis from a control person (A and B) and a patient with schizophrenia (C and D).

Figure 13. Actigraph recordings of 256 h…

Figure 13. Actigraph recordings of 256 h periods.

Activity counts and Fourier analysis from a…

Figure 13. Actigraph recordings of 256 h periods.
Activity counts and Fourier analysis from a control person (A and B) and a patient with depression (C and D).
All figures (13)
Figure 12. Actigraph recordings of 256 min…
Figure 12. Actigraph recordings of 256 min periods.
Activity counts and Fourier analysis from a control person (A and B) and a patient with schizophrenia (C and D).
Figure 13. Actigraph recordings of 256 h…
Figure 13. Actigraph recordings of 256 h periods.
Activity counts and Fourier analysis from a control person (A and B) and a patient with depression (C and D).

References

    1. Boonstra AM, Kooij JJ, Oosterlaan J, Sergeant JA, Buitelaar JK, et al. Hyperactive night and day? Actigraphy studies in adult ADHD: a baseline comparison and the effect of methylphenidate. Sleep. 2007;30:433–442.
    1. Jones SH, Hare DJ, Evershed K. Actigraphic assessment of circadian activity and sleep patterns in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2005;7:176–186.
    1. van Someren EJ, Vonk BF, Thijssen WA, Speelman JD, Schuurman PR, et al. A new actigraph for long-term registration of the duration and intensity of tremor and movement. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1998;45:386–395.
    1. Ehlers CL. Chaos and complexity. Can it help us to understand mood and behavior? Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1995;52:960–964.
    1. Di Mascio M, Di Giovanni G, Di Matteo V, Esposito E. Decreased chaos of midbrain dopaminergic neurons after serotonin denervation. Neuroscience. 1999;92:237–243.
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Source: PubMed

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