Acute and Chronic Effects of Exercise on Appetite, Energy Intake, and Appetite-Related Hormones: The Modulating Effect of Adiposity, Sex, and Habitual Physical Activity

James Dorling, David R Broom, Stephen F Burns, David J Clayton, Kevin Deighton, Lewis J James, James A King, Masashi Miyashita, Alice E Thackray, Rachel L Batterham, David J Stensel, James Dorling, David R Broom, Stephen F Burns, David J Clayton, Kevin Deighton, Lewis J James, James A King, Masashi Miyashita, Alice E Thackray, Rachel L Batterham, David J Stensel

Abstract

Exercise facilitates weight control, partly through effects on appetite regulation. Single bouts of exercise induce a short-term energy deficit without stimulating compensatory effects on appetite, whilst limited evidence suggests that exercise training may modify subjective and homeostatic mediators of appetite in directions associated with enhanced meal-induced satiety. However, a large variability in responses exists between individuals. This article reviews the evidence relating to how adiposity, sex, and habitual physical activity modulate exercise-induced appetite, energy intake, and appetite-related hormone responses. The balance of evidence suggests that adiposity and sex do not modify appetite or energy intake responses to acute or chronic exercise interventions, but individuals with higher habitual physical activity levels may better adjust energy intake in response to energy balance perturbations. The effect of these individual characteristics and behaviours on appetite-related hormone responses to exercise remains equivocal. These findings support the continued promotion of exercise as a strategy for inducing short-term energy deficits irrespective of adiposity and sex, as well as the ability of exercise to positively influence energy balance over the longer term. Future well-controlled studies are required to further ascertain the potential mediators of appetite responses to exercise.

Keywords: appetite; appetite-related hormones; energy balance; energy compensation; energy intake; exercise; physical activity; weight control.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Overall appetite perceptions in individuals who were lean (n = 22; left panel) and those with overweight/obesity (n = 25; right panel) during the control (■) and exercise (○) trials. Exercise involved 60 min treadmill exercise at a 59% peak oxygen uptake. Data are mean ± SEM. A grey rectangle indicates exercise, open rectangles indicate standardized meals and black rectangle indicates an ad libitum buffet meal. Data from Douglas et al. [33]. © Springer Nature. Reproduced through Creative Commons licence.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Absolute energy intake at an ad libitum buffet meal in the control, moderate-intensity, high-intensity intermittent and sprint interval cycling trials in 11 men and nine women. Data are mean ± SEM. * Significant difference between men and women. Data from Panissa et al. [87]. © RightsLink. Reproduced with permission.

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