Exploring Dietary Behavior Changes Due to the COVID-19 Confinement in Colombia: A National and Regional Survey Study

Sonia L Pertuz-Cruz, Esther Molina-Montes, Celia Rodríguez-Pérez, Eduardo J Guerra-Hernández, Olga P Cobos de Rangel, Reyes Artacho, Vito Verardo, María Dolores Ruiz-Lopez, Belén García-Villanova, Sonia L Pertuz-Cruz, Esther Molina-Montes, Celia Rodríguez-Pérez, Eduardo J Guerra-Hernández, Olga P Cobos de Rangel, Reyes Artacho, Vito Verardo, María Dolores Ruiz-Lopez, Belén García-Villanova

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of coronavirus SARS-Cov2 (COVID-19) confinement measures in Colombia on the dietary behaviors of a large population sample, at national and regional levels. A survey was conducted to assess dietary behaviors during the COVID-19 confinement. The survey involved 2,745 participants, aged 18 years or older, from six regions of the country (Atlántica, Bogotá, Central, Oriental, Orinoquía and Amazonía, and Pacífica). Dietary intake of foods and foods groups in grams per day before and during the confinement was estimated by considering standard serving sizes of foods. One-way ANOVA was used to analyze differences between the regions with regard to dietary behavior changes during the confinement. Differences were deemed significant at p-value < 0.05. Dietary patterns (DPs) before and during the confinement were derived from principal component analysis. Certain dietary habits were adopted by the study population during the confinement (e.g., higher frequency of snacking and home cooking), with significant differences by regions with regard to these habits, as well as regarding culinary processes. The levels of consumption of several foods also changed during the confinement, nationally and regionally. We identified three DPs before the confinement (protein-rich, carbohydrate-rich, and sugar foods patterns) and four DPs during the confinement (westernized, carbohydrate-rich, protein-rich, fish and fruits-vegetable patterns), with an explained total variance of 33 and 45%, respectively. The profile of these DPs varied to some extent between the regions; their adherence to each DP also varied (p-value < 0.001). Our results show that there were marked differences by regions in the dietary behaviors of this population during the confinement, with an overall trend toward unhealthier DPs. These results may help to shape public health nutrition interventions in Colombia during the COVID-19 pandemic and in a post-COVID stage.

Keywords: COVID-19 confinement; culinary processes; dietary habits; dietary patterns; nutritional survey.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Copyright © 2021 Pertuz-Cruz, Molina-Montes, Rodríguez-Pérez, Guerra-Hernández, Cobos de Rangel, Artacho, Verardo, Ruiz-Lopez and García-Villanova.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Bar plots showing consumption of main food groups in servings/day among the diet-COVID-19 survey respondents in Colombia, before and during the confinement. Information on dietary consumption of main food groups during the confinement was gathered by the respondents in servings per days. Consumption before the confinement was estimated considering information on whether consumption was alike, higher, or lower during confinement than before (similar servings, one serving less and one serving more, respectively).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Bar plots showing consumption of food groups in servings/day among the diet-COVID-19 survey respondents in Colombia by regions, before and during the confinement. Only food groups that increased more importantly during the confinement are shown.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Radial charts showing dietary clusters derived from principal component analysis among the diet-COVID-19 survey respondents in Colombia, before (A) and during (B) the confinement. Factor loadings (>0.3) are presented along the x-axis. Information on dietary consumption of main food groups during the confinement was gathered by the respondents in servings per days or weeks. Consumption before the confinement was estimated considering information on whether consumption was alike, higher, or lower during confinement than before (similar servings, one serving less, and one serving more, respectively). Dietary intake in grams/day was estimated by applying standard portion sizes of each food.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Variation in consumption of starchy foods and sugars during confinement when compared with previous intake among the diet-COVID-19 survey respondents (% of respondonts) in Colombia.

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