A Case-Control Study on Behavioral Addictions and Neurocognition: Description of the BANCO and BANCO2 Protocols

Elodie Hurel, Marie Grall-Bronnec, Elsa Thiabaud, Anaïs Saillard, Jean-Benoît Hardouin, Gaëlle Challet-Bouju, Elodie Hurel, Marie Grall-Bronnec, Elsa Thiabaud, Anaïs Saillard, Jean-Benoît Hardouin, Gaëlle Challet-Bouju

Abstract

Introduction: Only two behavioral addictions (BAs) are currently recognized in international classifications (gambling disorder: GbD; gaming disorder: GmD), while some of them await further investigation (food addiction: FA; sexual addiction: SA). Neurocognitive functioning is considered a risk factor for BAs. Research is quite abundant for GbD and highlights specific deficits in several cognitive functions. Nevertheless, grey areas still exist. The aim of this research programme is to investigate the neurocognitive profiles of patients presenting with various BAs and to establish parallels between different forms of BA to achieve a common addiction concept.

Methods and analysis: This research program is composed of two studies sharing the same methodology but focusing on different samples: the BANCO study aims to include 30 individuals with a GbD, whereas the BANCO2 study aims to include 30 individuals with a GmD, 30 with a SA, and 30 with a FA. Moreover, for each BA group, 30 healthy controls will be recruited, matched by sex, age and education level. Several cognitive tasks will be completed by participants. Cue reactivity and physiological responses, as well as clinical data regarding addiction characteristics and personality, will also be investigated. A composite score based on the cognitive tasks will be computed using principal component analysis (PCA). Overall cognitive performance and detailed performance on the different cognitive tasks will be compared between individuals with BAs and their matched healthy controls using linear models with random effects. Comparisons will also be made between BA groups to investigate specific alterations associated with each disorder.

Discussion: The results of this research programme will impact both research and clinical areas by (i) providing new knowledge for discussions regarding the inclusion of BAs under the spectrum of addictive disorders; (ii) improving understanding of addiction mechanisms in general; (iii) providing clarity in the grey areas in neurocognitive research on BAs and improving the understanding of less studied BAs, (iv) guiding clinicians to propose therapeutic alternatives and complementary programmes.

Trial registration: BANCO study (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03202290); BANCO2 study (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03967418).

Keywords: behavioral addiction; food addiction; gambling disorder; gaming disorder; neurocognition; neuropsychology; sexual addiction.

Conflict of interest statement

MBG, ET, AS and GCB declare that the endowment funds of the Nantes University Hospital have received funding from the gambling industry (FDJ and PMU) in the form of a philanthropic sponsorship (donations that do not assign purpose of use). Scientific independence with respect to these gambling industries is guaranteed, and they neither take part in the study design nor exert any editorial influence over this article. EH reports grants from University of Nantes, during the conduct of the study (PhD funding). Jean-Benoit Hardouin has nothing to disclose. The authors report no other potential conflicts of interest for this work.

© 2021 Hurel et al.

References

    1. Goodman A. Addiction: definition and implications. Addiction. 1990;85(11):1403–1408. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1990.tb01620.x
    1. American Psychiatry Association. DSM-5: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.
    1. Goodman A. What’s in a name? Terminology for designating a syndrome of driven sexual behavior. Sex Addict Compulsivity. 2001;8:191–213. doi:10.1080/107201601753459919
    1. Hebebrand J, Albayrak Ö, Adan R, et al. “Eating addiction”, rather than “food addiction”, better captures addictive-like eating behavior. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2014;47:295–306. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.08.016
    1. Meule A. Back by popular demand: a Narrative review on the history of food addiction research. Yale J Biol Med. 2015;88:295–302.
    1. Chen W-J. Frequent exercise: a healthy habit or a behavioral addiction? Chronic Dis Transl Med. 2016;2:235–240. doi:10.1016/j.cdtm.2016.11.014
    1. Cuzen NL, Stein DJ. Chapter 2 - Behavioral addiction: the Nexus of impulsivity and compulsivity. In: Rosenberg KP, Feder LC, editors. Behavioral Addictions. San Diego: Academic Press; 2014:19–34. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-407724-9.00002-1
    1. Hussain N, Guanci N, Raza M, Ostrovsky D. Shopping addiction. If the shoes fits, buy it in every color! In: Ascher M, Levounis P, editors. The Behavioral Addictions. American Psychiatric Pub; 2015.
    1. Griffiths MD. Compulsive sexual behaviour as a behavioural addiction: the impact of the internet and other issues. Addiction. 2016;111(12):2107–2108. doi:10.1111/add.13315
    1. Kraus SW, Voon V, Potenza MN. Should compulsive sexual behavior be considered an addiction? Addiction. 2016;111(12):2097–2106. doi:10.1111/add.13297
    1. Schulte EM, Potenza MN, Gearhardt AN. A commentary on the “eating addiction” versus “food addiction” perspectives on addictive-like food consumption. Appetite. 2017;115:9–15. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2016.10.033
    1. Chamberlain SR, Grant JE. Behavioral Addictions. 1st ed. In: Fontenelle LF, Yücel M, editors. A Transdiagnostic Approach to Obsessions, Compulsions and Related Phenomena. 1st Ed. Cambridge University Press; 2019:401–412. doi:10.1017/9781108164313.032
    1. Kraus SW, Krueger RB, Briken P, et al. Compulsive sexual behaviour disorder in the ICD-11. World Psychiatry. 2018;17(1):109–110. doi:10.1002/wps.20499
    1. World Health Organization. International Classification of Diseases (11th Revision); 2018.
    1. Goodman A. Neurobiology of addiction. An integrative review. Biochem Pharmacol. 2008;75:266–322.
    1. Kühn S, Gallinat J. Chapter Three - Neurobiological basis of hypersexuality. In: Zahr NM, Peterson ET, editors. International Review of Neurobiology. Academic Press; 2016:67–83. doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2016.04.002
    1. Garcia FD, Thibaut F. Sexual addictions. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2010;36(5):254–260. doi:10.3109/00952990.2010.503823
    1. Antons S, Mueller SM, Wegmann E, Trotzke P, Schulte MM, Brand M. Facets of impulsivity and related aspects differentiate among recreational and unregulated use of Internet pornography. J Behav Addict. 2019;8:223–233. doi:10.1556/2006.8.2019.22
    1. Gola M, Wordecha M, Sescousse G, et al. Can pornography be addictive? An fMRI Study of men seeking treatment for problematic pornography use. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2017;42:2021–2031. doi:10.1038/npp.2017.78
    1. Voon V, Mole TB, Banca P, et al. Neural correlates of sexual cue reactivity in individuals with and without compulsive sexual behaviours. PLoS One. 2014;9(7):e102419. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0102419
    1. Kowalewska E, Grubbs JB, Potenza MN, Gola M, Draps M, Kraus SW. Neurocognitive mechanisms in compulsive sexual behavior disorder. Curr Sex Health Rep. 2018;10:255–264. doi:10.1007/s11930-018-0176-z
    1. Leppink EW, Grant JE. Behavioral and pharmacological treatment of compulsive sexual behavior/problematic hypersexuality. Curr Addict Rep. 2016;3(4):406–413. doi:10.1007/s40429-016-0122-y
    1. Raymond NC, Grant JE, Coleman E. Augmentation with naltrexone to treat compulsive sexual behavior: a case series. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2010;22:56–62.
    1. Verholleman A, Victorri-Vigneau C, Laforgue E, Derkinderen P, Verstuyft C, Grall-Bronnec M. Naltrexone use in treating hypersexuality induced by dopamine replacement therapy: impact of OPRM1 A/G polymorphism on its effectiveness. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21:3002. doi:10.3390/ijms21083002
    1. Potenza MN, Gola M, Voon V, Kor A, Kraus SW. Is excessive sexual behaviour an addictive disorder? Lancet Psychiatry. 2017;4(9):663–664. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30316-4
    1. Imperatori C, Fabbricatore M, Vumbaca V, Innamorati M, Contardi A, Farina B. Food addiction: definition, measurement and prevalence in healthy subjects and in patients with eating disorders. Riv Psichiatr. 2016;51:60–65. doi:10.1708/2246.24196
    1. Meule A, Gearhardt AN. Food addiction in the light of DSM-5. Nutrients. 2014;6(9):3653–3671. doi:10.3390/nu6093653
    1. Corsica JA, Pelchat ML. Food addiction: true or false? Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2010;26(2):165–169. doi:10.1097/MOG.0b013e328336528d
    1. Gearhardt AN, Corbin WR, Brownell KD. Preliminary validation of the Yale Food Addiction Scale. Appetite. 2009;52(2):430–436. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2008.12.003
    1. de Vries S-K, Meule A. Food addiction and bulimia nervosa: new data based on the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2016;24(6):518–522. doi:10.1002/erv.2470
    1. Granero R, Hilker I, Agüera Z, et al. Food addiction in a Spanish sample of eating disorders: DSM-5 diagnostic subtype differentiation and validation data. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2014;22(6):389–396. doi:10.1002/erv.2311
    1. Leslie M, Lambert E, Treasure J. Towards a translational approach to food addiction: implications for bulimia nervosa. Curr Addict Rep. 2019;6(3):258–265. doi:10.1007/s40429-019-00264-0
    1. Hilker I, Sánchez I, Steward T, et al. Food addiction in bulimia nervosa: clinical correlates and association with response to a brief psychoeducational intervention. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2016;24(6):482–488. doi:10.1002/erv.2473
    1. Gearhardt AN, Yokum S, Orr PT, Stice E, Corbin WR, Brownell KD. Neural correlates of food addiction. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68:808–816. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.32
    1. Kalon E, Hong JY, Tobin C, Schulte T. Chapter Four - Psychological and neurobiological correlates of food addiction. In: Zahr NM, Peterson ET, editors. International Review of Neurobiology. Academic Press; 2016:85–110. doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2016.06.003
    1. Wang GJ, Volkow ND, Logan J, et al. Brain dopamine and obesity. Lancet. 2001;357:354–357. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)03643-6
    1. Lindgren E, Gray K, Miller G, et al. Food addiction: a common neurobiological mechanism with drug abuse. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 2018;23:811–836. doi:10.2741/4618
    1. Stoeckel LE, Weller RE, Cook EW, Twieg DB, Knowlton RC, Cox JE. Widespread reward-system activation in obese women in response to pictures of high-calorie foods. Neuroimage. 2008;41:636–647. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.02.031
    1. Meule A, Küppers C, Harms L, et al. Food cue-induced craving in individuals with bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder. PLoS One. 2018;13:e0204151. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0204151
    1. Gordon EL, Ariel-Donges AH, Bauman V, Merlo LJ. What is the evidence for “Food Addiction?” A systematic review. Nutrients. 2018;10(4):477. doi:10.3390/nu10040477
    1. Kim HS, Hodgins DC. Component model of addiction treatment: a pragmatic transdiagnostic treatment model of behavioral and substance addictions. Front Psychiatry. 2018;9. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00406
    1. Brand M, Wegmann E, Stark R, et al. The Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model for addictive behaviors: update, generalization to addictive behaviors beyond internet-use disorders, and specification of the process character of addictive behaviors. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2019;104:1–10. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.06.032
    1. Brand M, Young KS, Laier C, Wölfling K, Potenza MN. Integrating psychological and neurobiological considerations regarding the development and maintenance of specific Internet-use disorders: an Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2016;71:252–266. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.033
    1. Bechara A. Decision making, impulse control and loss of willpower to resist drugs: a neurocognitive perspective. Nat Neurosci. 2005;8:1458–1463. doi:10.1038/nn1584
    1. Noel X, Brevers D, Bechara A. A neurocognitive approach to understanding the neurobiology of addiction. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2013;23(4):632–638. doi:10.1016/j.conb.2013.01.018
    1. Wei L, Zhang S, Turel O, Bechara A, He Q. A tripartite neurocognitive model of internet gaming disorder. Front Psychiatry. 2017;8. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00285
    1. Ciccarelli M, Griffiths MD, Nigro G, Cosenza M. Decision making, cognitive distortions and emotional distress: a comparison between pathological gamblers and healthy controls. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2017;54:204–210. doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2016.08.012
    1. Balodis IM. Neuropsychology in GD: old and new directions. Curr Opin Behav Sci. 2020;31:48–53. doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2019.11.002
    1. MacLeod CM. The concept of inhibition in cognition. In: Gorfein DS, MacLeod CM, editors. Inhibition in Cognition. Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association; 2007:3–23.
    1. Ioannidis K, Hook R, Wickham K, Grant JE, Chamberlain SR. Impulsivity in gambling disorder and problem gambling: a meta-analysis. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2019;44(8):1354–1361. doi:10.1038/s41386-019-0393-9
    1. Chowdhury NS. Pathological gambling and motor impulsivity: a systematic review with meta-analysis. J Gambl Stud. 2017;27.
    1. Miyake A, Friedman NP. The nature and organization of individual differences in executive functions: four general conclusions. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2012;1:8–14.
    1. Rochat L, Maurage P, Heeren A, Billieux J. Let’s open the decision-making umbrella: a framework for conceptualizing and assessing features of impaired decision making in addiction. Neuropsychol Rev. 2019;29:27–51. doi:10.1007/s11065-018-9387-3
    1. Hønsi A, Mentzoni RA, Molde H, Pallesen S. Attentional bias in problem gambling: a systematic review. J Gambl Stud. 2013;29(3):359–375. doi:10.1007/s10899-012-9315-z
    1. Couture SM, Penn DL, Roberts DL. The functional Significance of social cognition in schizophrenia: a review. Schizophr Bull. 2006;32:20. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbl029
    1. Adolphs R. The neurobiology of social cognition. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2001;11:231–239. doi:10.1016/S0959-4388(00)00202-6
    1. Green MF, Penn DL, Bentall R, et al. Social cognition in schizophrenia: an NIMH workshop on definitions, assessment, and research opportunities. Schizophr Bull. 2008;34:1211–1220. doi:10.1093/schbul/sbm145
    1. Hurel E, Challet-Bouju G, Bukowski N, Eyzop E, Grall-Bronnec M. Gambling and social cognition: a systematic review. Curr Addict Rep. 2019. doi:10.1007/s40429-019-00280-0
    1. Challet-Bouju G, Bruneau M, Victorri-Vigneau C, Grall-Bronnec M. Cognitive remediation interventions for gambling disorder: a systematic review. Front Psychol. 2017;8. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01961
    1. Kornreich C, Saeremans M, Delwarte J, et al. Impaired non-verbal emotion processing in pathological gamblers. Psychiatry Res. 2016;236:125–129. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.12.020
    1. Argyriou E, Davison CB, Lee TTC. Response inhibition and internet gaming disorder: a meta-analysis. Addict Behav. 2017;7.
    1. Choi S-W, Kim HS, Kim G-Y, et al. Similarities and differences among Internet gaming disorder, gambling disorder and alcohol use disorder: a focus on impulsivity and compulsivity. J Behav Addict. 2014;3:246–253. doi:10.1556/JBA.3.2014.4.6
    1. Dong G, Potenza MN. Risk-taking and risky decision-making in Internet gaming disorder: implications regarding online gaming in the setting of negative consequences. J Psychiatr Res. 2016;73:1–8. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.11.011
    1. Billieux J, Potenza MN, Maurage P, Brevers D, Brand M, King DL. Chapter 16 - Cognitive factors associated with gaming disorder. In: Verdejo-Garcia A, editor. Cognition and Addiction. Academic Press; 2020:221–230. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-815298-0.00016-2
    1. Schiebener J, Brand M. Decision-making and related processes in internet gaming disorder and other types of internet-use disorders. Curr Addict Rep. 2017;4(3):262–271. doi:10.1007/s40429-017-0156-9
    1. Metcalf O, Pammer K. Attentional bias in excessive massively multiplayer online role-playing gamers using a modified Stroop task. Comput Human Behav. 2011;27(5):1942–1947. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2011.05.001
    1. Peng X, Cui F, Wang T, Jiao C. Unconscious processing of facial expressions in individuals with internet gaming disorder. Front Psychol. 2017;8:1059. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01059
    1. He J, Zheng Y, Fan L, Pan T, Nie Y. Automatic processing advantage of cartoon face in internet gaming disorder: evidence from P100, N170, P200, and MMN. Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:824. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00824
    1. Su W, Potenza MN, Zhang Z, Hu X, Gao L, Wang Y. Do individuals with problematic and non-problematic internet game use differ in cooperative behaviors with partners of different social distances? Evidence from the prisoner’s dilemma and chicken game. Comput Human Behav. 2018;87:363–370. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.05.040
    1. Steward T, Mestre-Bach G, Vintró-Alcaraz C, et al. Food addiction and impaired executive functions in women with obesity. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2018;26(6):574–584. doi:10.1002/erv.2636
    1. Blume M, Schmidt R, Hilbert A. Executive functioning in obesity, food addiction, and binge-eating disorder. Nutrients. 2019;11:54. doi:10.3390/nu11010054
    1. Wyckoff EP, Evans BC, Manasse SM, Butryn ML, Forman EM. Executive functioning and dietary intake: neurocognitive correlates of fruit, vegetable, and saturated fat intake in adults with obesity. Appetite. 2017;111:79–85. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2016.12.039
    1. Brockmeyer T, Hamze Sinno M, Skunde M, et al. Inhibitory control and hedonic response towards food interactively predict success in a weight loss programme for adults with obesity. Obes Facts. 2016;9(5):299–309. doi:10.1159/000447492
    1. Córdova ME, Schiavon CC, Busnello FM, Reppold CT. Nutritional and neuropsychological profile of the executive functions on binge eating disorder in obese adults. Nutr Hosp. 2017;34: 1448–1454. doi:10.20960/nh.1151
    1. Cassin SE, von Ranson KM. Is binge eating experienced as an addiction? Appetite. 2007;49: 687–690. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2007.06.012
    1. Grubbs JB, Hoagland KC, Lee BN, Grant JT, Davison P, Reid RC, et al. Sexual addiction 25 years on: A systematic and methodological review of empirical literature and an agenda for future research. Clinical Psychology Review. 2020;82: 101925. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101925
    1. Mechelmans DJ, Irvine M, Banca P, et al. Enhanced attentional bias towards sexually explicit cues in individuals with and without compulsive sexual behaviours. PLoS One. 2014;9(8):e105476. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0105476
    1. Miner MH, Raymond N, Mueller BA, Lloyd M, Lim KO. Preliminary investigation of the impulsive and neuroanatomical characteristics of compulsive sexual behavior. Psychiatry Res. 2009;174(2):146–151. doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2009.04.008
    1. Reid RC, Garos S, Carpenter BN, Coleman E. A surprising finding related to executive control in a patient sample of hypersexual men. J Sex Med. 2011;8(8):2227–2236. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02314.x
    1. Antons S, Brand M. Trait and state impulsivity in males with tendency towards Internet-pornography-use disorder. Addict Behav. 2018;79:171–177. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.12.029
    1. Schiebener J, Laier C, Brand M. Getting stuck with pornography? Overuse or neglect of cybersex cues in a multitasking situation is related to symptoms of cybersex addiction. J Behav Addict. 2015;4: 14–21. doi:10.1556/JBA.4.2015.1.5
    1. Gerstein D, Hoffmann J, Larison C, Murphy S, Palmer A, Chuchro L, et al. Gambling Impact and Behavior Study. National Gambling Impact Study Commission (NORC);1999. Available: .
    1. Hodgins DC. Using the NORC DSM Screen for Gambling Problems as an outcome measure for pathological gambling: psychometric evaluation. Addictive Behaviors. 2004;29:1685–1690. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.03.017
    1. Carnes PJ, Hopkins TA, Green BA Clinical relevance of the proposed sexual addiction diagnostic criteria: relation to the Sexual Addiction Screening Test-Revised. J Addict Med. 2014;8:450-61. doi:10.1097/ADM.0000000000000080
    1. Brunault P, Courtois R, Gearhardt A, Gaillard P, Journiac K, Cathelain S, et al. Validation of the French Version of the DSM-5 Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS 2.0) in a Nonclinical Sample. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. 2017;62:199–210. doi:10.1177/0706743716673320
    1. Chan, A.-W., Tetzlaff, J. M., Altman, D. G., et al SPIRIT 2013 Statement: Defining Standard Protocol Items for Clinical Trials. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2013;158(3):200. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-158-3-201302050-00583
    1. Chan, A.-W., Tetzlaff, J. M., Gøtzsche, P. C., et al SPIRIT 2013 explanation and elaboration: Guidance for protocols of clinical trials. BMJ. 2013;346. doi:10.1136/bmj.e7586
    1. Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1983. 67:361-370.
    1. Roberge P, Doré I, Menear M, et al. A psychometric evaluation of the French Canadian version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in a large primary care population.Journal of Affective Disorders. 2013;147:171–179. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.10.029
    1. Lecrubier Y, Sheehan D, Weiller E, Amorim P, Bonora I, Sheehan KH, et al. The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). A short diagnostic structured interview: reliability and validity according to the CIDI. Eur psychiatr. 1997;12:224–231. doi:10.1016/S0924-9338(97)83296-8
    1. Chamberlain SR, Grant JE. Minnesota Impulse Disorders Interview (MIDI): Validation of a structured diagnostic clinical interview for impulse control disorders in an enriched community sample. Psychiatry Res 2018;265:279–283. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.05.006
    1. Ward MF, Wender PH, Reimherr FW The Wender Utah Rating Scale: an aid in the retrospective diagnosis of childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1993;150:885-890. doi:10.1176/ajp.150.6.885
    1. Romo L, Legauffre C, Mille S, Chèze N, Fougères A-L, Marquez S, et al. Propriétés psychométriques des versions françaises des échelles d’hyperactivité de Wender (WURS) et de l’Échelle de déficit d’attention de Brown (ADD). Encephale. 2010;36:380–389. doi:10.1016/j.encep.2009.12.005
    1. Kessler RC, Adler L, Ames M, Demler O, Faraone S, Hiripi E, et al. The World Health Organization Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS): a short screening scale for use in the general population. Psychol Med. 2005;35:245–256. doi:10.1017/s0033291704002892
    1. van de Glind G, van den Brink W, Koeter MWJ, Carpentier P-J, van Emmerik-van Oortmerssen K, Kaye S, et al. Validity of the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) as a screener for adult ADHD in treatment seeking substance use disorder patients. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013;132:587–596. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.04.010
    1. Ferris J, Wynne H. The Canadian Problem Gambling Index: Final Reports. 2001. p.59.
    1. Demetrovics Z, Szeredi B, Rózsa S The three-factor model of Internet addiction: the development of the Problematic Internet Use Questionnaire. Behav Res Methods. 2008;40:563-574.
    1. Laconi S, Urbán R, Kaliszewska-Czeremska K, Kuss DJ, Gnisci A, Sergi I, et al. Psychometric Evaluation of the Nine-Item Problematic Internet Use Questionnaire (PIUQ-9) in Nine European Samples of Internet Users. Front Psychiatry Psychon Bull Rev. 2019;10:136. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00136
    1. Carnes P, Green B, Carnes S. The Same Yet Different: Refocusing the Sexual Addiction Screening Test (SAST) to Reflect Orientation and Gender. Sex Addict Compulsivity 2010;17:7–30. doi:10.1080/10720161003604087
    1. Hegbe KG, Courtois R, Brunault P, Reveillere C, Barrault S. Validation de la version française du Sexual Addiction Screening Test (SAST-Fr). [Validation of the French version of the Sexual Addiction Screening Test (SAST-Fr)]. Encephale. 2020;S0013700620300233. doi:10.1016/j.encep.2019.11.011
    1. Garner D. Eating Disorder Inventory 2 - Professional manual. Psychological Assessment Ressources; 1991.
    1. Tasca GA, Illing V, Lybanon-Daigle V, Bissada H, Balfour L. Psychometric Properties of the Eating Disorders Inventory-2 among Women Seeking Treatment for Binge Eating Disorder. Assessment. Psychiatry Res. 2003;10:228–236. doi:10.1177/1073191103255001
    1. Whiteside SP, Lynam DR. The five factor model and impulsivity: Using a structural model of personality to understand impulsivity. Pers Individ Dif. Pers Individ Dif. 2001;30:669–689. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00064-7
    1. Van der Linden M, d’Acremont M, Zermatten A, Jermann F, Larøi F, Willems S, et al. A French Adaptation of the UPPS Impulsive Behavior Scale. Eur J Psychol Assess. 2006;22(1):38–42. doi:10.1027/1015-5759.22.1.38
    1. Rosenberg M. Society and the Adolescent Self-Image. Princeton University Press; 2015;
    1. Vallieres EF, Vallerand RJ. Traduction et Validation Canadienne-Française de L’échelle de L’estime de Soi de Rosenberg. [Translation and Validation of the Canadian-French version of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale]. International Journal of Psychology. 1990;25305–316 doi:10.1080/00207599008247865.
    1. Cloninger CR, Svrakic DM, Przybeck TR. A psychobiological model of temperament and character. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1993;50:975–990. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820240059008
    1. Chakroun-Vinciguerra N, Faytout M, Pélissolo A, Swendsen J. Validation française de la version courte de l’Inventaire du Tempérament et du Caractére (TCI-125). [French validation of the short version of the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI-125)]. J Behav Cogn Ther. Nat Protoc. 2005;15:27–33. doi:10.1016/S1155-1704(05)81209-1
    1. Loas, G., Fremaux, D., & Marchand, M. (1995). Etude de la structure factorielle et de la cohérence interne de la version française de l’échelle d’alexithymie de Toronto à 20 items (TAS-20) chez un groupe de 183 sujets sains. Encéphale. 21:n°2117–122.
    1. Loas G, Otmani O, Verrier A, Fremaux D, Marchand MP. Factor analysis of the French version of the 20-Item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20). Psychopathology. 1996;29:139–144. doi:10.2466/pms.1997.85.3.1018
    1. Loas, G., Parker, J. D., Otmani, O., Verrier, A., & Fremaux, D. (1997). Confirmatory factor analysis of the French translation of the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 85;(3pt 1):1018. doi:10.2466/pms.1997.85.3.1018
    1. Martinez ME. What is Metacognition?Phi Delta Kappan. 2006;87(9):696–699. doi:10.1177/003172170608700916
    1. Spada MM, Caselli G, Nikčević AV, Wells A. Metacognition in addictive behaviors. Addictive Behaviors. 2015;44:9–15. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.08.002
    1. Quiles C, Verdoux H, Prouteau A. Assessing metacognition during a cognitive task: impact of “on-line” metacognitive questions on neuropsychological performances in a non-clinical sample. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2014;20(5):547–554. doi:10.1017/S1355617714000290
    1. Spada MM, Wells A. Metacognitive beliefs about alcohol use: development and validation of two self-report scales. Addict Behav. 2008;33(4):515–527. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.10.011
    1. Brickenkamp R. D2. Test d’attention concentrée manuel. Hogrefe; 2007;
    1. Hester R, Dixon V, Garavan H. A consistent attentional bias for drug-related material in active cocaine users across word and picture versions of the emotional Stroop task. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2006;81:251–257. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2005.07.002
    1. Boyer M, Dickerson M. Attentional bias and addictive behaviour: automaticity in a gambling-specific modified Stroop task. Addiction. 2003;98:61–70. doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2003.00219.x
    1. Pilli R, Naidu M, Pingali UR, Shobha JC, Reddy AP. A computerized stroop test for the evaluation of psychotropic drugs in healthy participants. Indian J Psychol Med. 2013;35(2);180–189. doi:10.4103/0253-7176.116251
    1. Penner I-K, Kobel M, Stöcklin M, Weber P, Opwis K, Calabrese P. The stroop task: comparison between the original paradigm and computerized versions in children and adults. Clin Neuropsychol. 2012;1–12. doi:10.1080/13854046.2012.713513
    1. Stroop JR. Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology. 1935;18:643–662. doi:10.1037/h0054651
    1. Trotzke P, Starcke K, Pedersen A, Brand M Cue-induced Craving in Pathological Buying: Empirical Evidence and Clinical Implications. Psychosomatic Medicine. 2014;76:694–700. doi:10.1097/PSY.0000000000000126
    1. van Rooijen R, Ploeger A, Kret ME. The dot-probe task to measure emotional attention: A suitable measure in comparative studies? Psychon Bull Rev. 2017;24: 1686–1717. doi:10.3758/s13423-016-1224-1
    1. Damasio AR. Descarte’s error: emotion, reason, and the human brain /. G.P. Putnam; 1994.
    1. Kovács I, Richman MJ, Janka Z, Maraz A, Andó B. Decision making measured by the Iowa Gambling Task in alcohol use disorder and gambling disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017;181:152–161. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.09.023
    1. Franken IHA, van Strien JW, Nijs I, Muris P. Impulsivity is associated with behavioral decision-making deficits. Psychiatry Research. 2008;158:155–163. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2007.06.002
    1. Bechara A, Damasio AR, Damasio H, Anderson S. Insensitivity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex. Cognition. 1994;50:9. doi:10.1016/0010-0277(94)90018-3
    1. Goudriaan AE, Oosterlaan J, De Beurs E, Van den Brink W. Decision making in pathological gambling: A comparison between pathological gamblers, alcohol dependents, persons with Tourette syndrome, and normal controls. Cognitive Brain Research. 2005;23:137–151. doi:10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2005.01.017
    1. Cardebat D, Doyon B, Puel M, Goulet P, Joanette Y. [Formal and semantic lexical evocation in normal subjects. Performance and dynamics of production as a function of sex, age and educational level]. Acta Neurol Belg. 1990;90:207–217.
    1. Lezak MD, Howieson DB, Loring DW, Hannay HJ, Fischer JS. Neuropsychological assessment, 4th ed. New York, NY, US: Oxford University Press; 2004.
    1. Eslinger PJ, Grattan LM. Frontal lobe and frontal-striatal substrates for different forms of human cognitive flexibility. Neuropsychologia. 1993;31:17–28. doi:10.1016/0028-3932(93)90077-D
    1. Bowie CR, Harvey PD. Administration and interpretation of the Trail Making Test. Nat Protoc. 2006;1:2277–2281. doi:10.1038/nprot.2006.390
    1. Nelson HE. A Modified Card Sorting Test Sensitive to Frontal Lobe Defects. Cortex. 1976;12:313–324. doi:10.1016/S0010-9452(76)80035-4
    1. Mackinnon A, Mulligan R. Estimation de l’intelligence prémorbide chez les francophones. Encephale. 2005;31:31–43. doi:10.1016/S0013-7006(05)82370-X
    1. Bright P, Hale E, Gooch VJ, Myhill T, van der Linde I. The National Adult Reading Test: restandardisation against the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Fourth edition. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 2016;28: 11. doi:10.1080/09602011.2016.1231121
    1. Rey A. L’examen psychologie dan les cas d’encéphalopathie traumatique (Les problèmes) [The psychological examination in cases of traumatic encepholopathy (Problems)]. Arch Psychol. 1941;28:215–285.
    1. Meyer, J. E., & Meyer, K. R. (1996). Rey complex figure test and recognition trial: Professional manual. (Par.).
    1. Rey A. Test de Copie et de Reproduction de Mémoire de Figures Géométriques Complexes. [Test of copy and Reproduction of Memory of Complex Geometric Figures]. Paris: Editions du centre de psychologie appliquée; 1959.
    1. Bishop DVM, Aamodt-Leeper G, Creswell C, McGurk R, Skuse DH. Individual differences in cognitive planning on the Tower of Hanoi Task: neuropsychological maturity or measurement error? J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2001;42:551–556. doi:10.1017/S0021963001007247
    1. Terriot K, Mezza J. WAIS IV: proposition d’une méthodologie d’interprétation. [WAIS IV: proposal for an interpretation methodology]. L’orientation scolaire et professionnelle. 2014;(43/2). doi:10.4000/osp.4379
    1. Miyake A, Friedman NP, Emerson MJ, Witzki AH, Howerter A, Wager T. The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “Frontal lobe” tasks: a latent variable analysis. Cogn Psychol. 2000;41:49–100. doi:10.1006/cogp.1999.0734
    1. Schulz K, Fan J, Magidina O, Marks D, Hahn B, Halperin J. Does the emotional go/no-go task really measure behavioral inhibition? Convergence with measures on a non-emotional analog. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2007;22(2):151–160. doi:10.1016/j.acn.2006.12.001
    1. van Holst RJ, van Holstein M, van den Brink W, Veltman DJ, Goudriaan AE. Response inhibition during cue reactivity in problem gamblers: an fMRI Study. PLoS One. 2012;7:e30909. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030909
    1. Dougherty DM, Marsh-Richard DM, Hatzis ES, Nouvion SO, Mathias CW. A test of alcohol dose effects on multiple behavioral measures of impulsivity. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2008;96:18. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.02.002
    1. Bertoux M, Delavest M, de Souza LC, et al. Social cognition and emotional assessment differentiates frontotemporal dementia from depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2012;83(4):411–416. doi:10.1136/jnnp-2011-301849
    1. Lorains FK, Stout JC, Bradshaw JL, Dowling NA, Enticott PG. Self-reported impulsivity and inhibitory control in problem gamblers. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2014;36(2):144–157. doi:10.1080/13803395.2013.873773
    1. Petry NM, Zajac K, Ginley MK. Behavioral addictions as mental disorders: to be or not to be? Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2018;14:399–423. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045120
    1. Karim R, Chaudhri P. Behavioral addictions: an overview. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2012;44:5–17. doi:10.1080/02791072.2012.662859
    1. Albein-Urios N, Martinez-González JM, Lozano Ó, Clark L, Verdejo-García A. Comparison of impulsivity and working memory in cocaine addiction and pathological gambling: implications for cocaine-induced neurotoxicity. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2012;126:1–6. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.03.008
    1. Di Nicola M, Tedeschi D, De Risio L, et al. Co-occurrence of alcohol use disorder and behavioral addictions: relevance of impulsivity and craving. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;148:118–125. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.12.028
    1. Marazziti D, Presta S, Baroni S, Silvestri S, Dell’Osso L. Behavioral addictions: a novel challenge for psychopharmacology. CNS Spectr. 2014;19(6):486–495. doi:10.1017/S1092852913001041
    1. Olsen CM. Natural rewards, neuroplasticity, and non-drug addictions. Neuropharmacology. 2011;61:1109–1122. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.03.010
    1. Aboujaoude E, Salame WO. Naltrexone: a pan-addiction treatment? CNS Drugs. 2016;30(8):719–733. doi:10.1007/s40263-016-0373-0
    1. Mouaffak F, Leite C, Hamzaoui S, Benyamina A, Laqueille X, Kebir O. Naltrexone in the treatment of broadly defined behavioral addictions: a review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. EAR. 2017;23:204–210. doi:10.1159/000480539
    1. Kraus SW, Etuk R, Potenza MN. Current pharmacotherapy for gambling disorder: a systematic review. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2020;21(3):287–296. doi:10.1080/14656566.2019.1702969
    1. Rass O, Schacht RL, Buckheit K, Johnson MW, Strain EC, Mintzer MZ. A randomized controlled trial of the effects of working memory training in methadone maintenance patients. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;156:38–46. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.08.012
    1. Bell MD, Vissicchio NA, Weinstein AJ. Cognitive training and work therapy for the treatment of verbal learning and memory deficits in veterans with alcohol use disorders. J Dual Diagn. 2016;12(1):83–89. doi:10.1080/15504263.2016.1145779
    1. Gladwin TE, Wiers CE, Wiers W. Cognitive neuroscience of cognitive retraining for addiction medicine: from mediating mechanisms to questions of efficacy. Prog Brain Res. 2016;224:323–344. doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.07.021
    1. Manning V, Verdejo-Garcia A, Lubman DI. Neurocognitive impairment in addiction and opportunities for intervention. Curr Opin Behav Sci. 2017;13:40–45. doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.10.003
    1. Luquiens A, Miranda R, Benyamina A, Carré A, Aubin H-J. Cognitive training: a new avenue in gambling disorder management? Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2019;106:227–233. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.10.011
    1. Rabinovitz S, Nagar M. Possible end to an endless quest? Cognitive bias modification for excessive multiplayer online gamers. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2015;18(10):581–587. doi:10.1089/cyber.2015.0173
    1. Stevens L, Verdejo-García A, Goudriaan AE, Roeyers H, Dom G, Vanderplasschen W. Impulsivity as a vulnerability factor for poor addiction treatment outcomes: a review of neurocognitive findings among individuals with substance use disorders. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2014;47(1):58–72. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2014.01.008
    1. Lim J-A, Lee J-Y, Jung HY, et al. Changes of quality of life and cognitive function in individuals with Internet gaming disorder: a 6-month follow-up. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(50):e5695. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000005695
    1. Hudson A, Olatunji BO, Gough K, Yi S, Stewart SH. Eye on the Prize: High-Risk Gamblers Show Sustained Selective Attention to Gambling Cues. J Gambl Issues. 2016;34: 20. doi:10.4309/jgi.2016.34.6
    1. Tan JW, Walter S, Scheck A, et al. Repeatability of facial electromyography (EMG) activity over corrugator supercilii and zygomaticus major on differentiat- ing various emotions J Ambient Intell Human Comput. 2011;9: 243–260. doi:10.1007/s12652-011-0084-9
    1. Robbins S, Ehrman R. The role of attentional bias in substance abuse. Behav Cogn Neurosci Rev. 2005;3: 243–260. doi:10.1177/1534582305275423
    1. Dresler T, Mériau K, Heekeren HR, van der Meer E. Emotional Stroop task: effect of word arousal and subject anxiety on emotional interference Psychol Res. 2009;73: 364–371. doi:10.1007/s00426-008-0154-6
    1. Brown MRG, Benoit JRA, Juhás M, et al. Neural correlates of high-risk behavior tendencies and impulsivity in an emotional Go/NoGo fMRI task. Front Syst Neurosci. 2015;9:(24). doi:10.3389/fnsys.2015.00024

Source: PubMed

Sponsorzy i współpracownicy

Warunki medyczne

Interwencje lekowe

3
Subskrybuj